Transcript input device - Computer Science

Technology In Action
1
Midterm Exam Study Guide
 The
Exam
 Review
 Lab
Exercises 1 and 2
 Technology in Focuses 1 and 2
 Sound-bytes 1 to 5
 Chapters 1 to 5
2
The Midterm Exam
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When
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15 % of your final grade
Covers
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Tuesday, Feb 19, 2008
5:30 – 6:45pm
MSB 115
Chapters 1 to 5
Sound-bytes 1 to 5
Technology in Focus 1 and 2
Lab exercises 1 and 2
This is an open-notes exam. All in-class hand-outs are
allowed.
Writing on your notes is ok!
You may not use a textbook, a computer, or any
electronic device.
3
Exam Questions
Multiple-choice questions

____________terminals (formerly known as
cash registers) are often connected to complex
inventory and sales computer systems.
A. Data
C. Sales
B. Point-of-sale (POS)
D. Query
Answer: B
Reference: Ch 1:Computers in Retail - Let Me Look That Up for You
4
Exam Questions
True/False questions

A dial-up connection is considered to be one
of the fastest forms of Internet connection.
Answer: False (slowest)
Reference: Ch 3:Connecting to the Internet
5
Exam Questions
Matching questions
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Match the following terms with their meanings:
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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A. storage device
B. output device
C. input device
D. a type of memory
E. processor
_____ printer
_____ scanner
_____ RAM
_____ CPU
_____ CD drive
Answer: B, C, D, E, A
Reference: Ch 1: Computer Hardware
6
Lab Exercises
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Lab exercise 1
1.
2.
3.
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Using kent.edu Flashmail
Explore your own computer system
Shop for a computer system
Lab exercise 2: Excel
1.
2.
3.
Creating formulas and performing data analysis
Creating a new chart using the wizard
Creating web queries
7
Technology in Focuses
1.
Technology in Focus 1: Careers in IT
2.
Technology in Focus 2: Digital
Entertainment
8
Sound-bytes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Questions to Ask Before You Buy a
Computer
Port Tour: How do I Hook it Up?
Connecting to the Internet
Creating Web Queries with Excel 2007
File Management
9
Chapter 1: Why Computers Matter to
You: Becoming Computer Fluent
 Topics
Computer fluency
 Computers and careers
 Computer functions
 Data vs. information
 Computer hardware and software
 Societal challenges and computers
 Future technologies

10
Chapter 1 Summary Questions
What
does it mean to be “computer fluent”?
Computer
fluent goes beyond knowing how to
use mouse and send e-mail.
Being familiar enough with computers that you
understand their capabilities and limitations
Know how to use them wisely
11
Chapter 1 Summary Questions
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What is a savvy computer user and consumer?
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Know how a computer is constructed and how its
parts function.
Being a savvy consumer will help you accomplish all
the things here.
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It will save you money
Make you more productive
Help you protect your identity
Have a working system when you need it
As technology evolves, you will also be able to keep up and
adapt
12
Chapter 1 Summary Questions
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How can becoming computer fluent help you in
a career?

A research has found that employees who use a
computer on the job earn about 10 percent more than
those who don’t.

Becoming truly computer fluent—understanding the
capabilities and limitations of computers and what you
can do with them—will undoubtedly help you perform
your job more effectively.
13
Chapter 1 Summary Questions

What are some future technologies?
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In arts
In medical field
In law enforcement
In legal fields
In education
In sport
In science
At home
14
Chapter 1 Summary Questions
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What kinds of challenges do computers
bring to society?
Computer use ethics
 Privacy risks
 Personal data collection
 Monitoring e-mail
 Copyright infringement
 Software piracy
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15
Chapter 1 Summary Questions
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What are a computer’s four main
functions?
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Four major functions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Input data
Process data
Output information
Store data and information
16
Chapter 1 Summary Questions

What is the difference between data and
information?
Data is a representation of a fact or idea.
 Information is data that has been organized or
presented in a meaningful fashion.
 Information is more powerful than raw data.

17
Chapter 1 Summary Questions

What are a bit and a byte?
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In order to process data into information, computers
need to work in a language they understand. This
language, called binary language, consists of just
two digits: 0 and 1.
Everything a computer does is broken down into a
series of 0s and 1s. Each 0 and 1 is a binary digit, or
bit for short.
Eight binary digits (or bits) combine to create 1 byte.
18
Chapter 1 Summary Questions

What hardware does a computer use to perform
its functions?
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Computer hardware consists of all the real stuff a
computer is made of. If you can drop it on the floor, it
is hardware.
Hardware devices include input devices like
keyboards, components in the system unit like
microprocessors, output devices like monitors, and
storage devices like a hard drive.
19
Chapter 1 Summary Questions
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What are the two main types of
software?
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Software is the set of computer programs
that enables the hardware to perform
different tasks.
There are two broad categories of software
1.
2.
Application software
System software
20
Chapter 1 Summary Questions

What different kinds of computers are there?
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PDAs are small, one-task-at-a-time computers, that serve highly mobile
users.
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Servers are powerful computers that control networks and often use
Unix as an operating system.
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Mainframes are large, expensive multifaceted computers designed to
handle thousands of users.
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Supercomputers are large, fast computers assigned to concentrate on
specific scientific tasks.
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Embedded computers are specially designed computer chips that
reside inside other devices such as your car or your electronic
thermostat in your home.
21
Chapter 2: Looking at Computers:
Understanding the Parts
 Topics
Hardware components
 Input devices
 Output devices
 System unit
 Ergonomics
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22
Chapter 2 Summary Questions
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What devices do you use to get data into the
computer?
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An input device enables you to enter data (text,
images, and sounds) and instructions (user
responses and commands) into the computer.
The most common input devices are the keyboard
and the mouse.
There are other input devices as well: microphones
input sounds, scanners and digital cameras input
nondigital text and digital images.
23
Chapter 2 Summary Questions
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What devices enable us to see or hear the
processed information?
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Output devices enable you to send processed data
out of your computer. This can take the form of text,
pictures (graphics), sounds (audio), and video.
One common output device is a monitor, which
displays text, graphics, and video as soft copies
(copies you can see only on-screen).
Another common output device is the printer, which
creates tangible or hard copies of text and graphics.
Speakers are obviously the output devices for sound.
24
Chapter 2 Summary Questions
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What’s on the front of your system unit?
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The front panel of your computer provides you with
access to power controls as well as to the storage
devices on your computer.
Your system has a power-on button on the front
panel.
Other features that can be seen on the front of your
system unit are drive bays—special shelves
reserved for storage devices.
Some PCs include memory card readers and
productivity ports on the front, including USB and
FireWire, used for peripherals and image
downloading.
25
Chapter 2 Summary Questions
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What’s on the back of your system unit?
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The ports on the back of the computer are mostly
designed for long-term connections.
The video port connects your monitor.
Sound ports connect your speakers and microphone.
Mouse and keyboard ports provide connecting points
for these essential peripherals.
Network and modem ports provide communications
capability.
USB and Firewire ports allow connection to a wide
array of devices.
26
Chapter 2 Summary Questions
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What’s inside your system unit?
The system unit contains the essential
components of a computer.
 Inside is the power supply, motherboard,
RAM, storage drives, expansion cards, and
the central processing unit.
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27
Chapter 2 Summary Questions
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How do you set up your computer to avoid strain and injury?
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The following are some guidelines that can help you avoid discomfort,
eyestrain, or injuries while you’re working at your computer:
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Position your monitor correctly---at least 25 inches from your eyes and at eye
level or so that it is at an angle 15 to 20 degrees below your line of sight.
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Purchase an adjustable chair. Adjust the height of your chair so that your feet
touch the floor and include back support.
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Assume a proper position while typing. Your wrists should be flat with respect
to the keyboard and your forearms parallel to the floor. Specially designed
ergonomic keyboards and wrist rests can help you achieve the proper position of
your wrists.
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Take breaks from computer tasks.
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Ensure that the lighting is adequate.
28
Chapter 3: Using the Internet: Making
the Most of the Web’s Resources
 Topics
Internet communications
 Internet multimedia
 E-Commerce
 Online annoyances
 Web browsers
 URLs
 Hyperlinks
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More Topics
Search engines
 Web site evaluation
 Internet data
 Internet service providers
 Internet basics
 Origin of the Internet
 Future of the Internet
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30
Chapter 3 Summary Questions
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How can I communicate through the Internet?
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Instant Messaging
Voice over Internet
Weblogs
Podcasts
Chat Rooms
Newsgroups
E-mail
31
Chapter 3 Summary Questions
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What are the various kinds of Multimedia?
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Multimedia is anything that involves one or more
forms of media in addition to text.
All kinds of multimedia are available on the Web. One
can download music files, video files, and even
movies.
Streaming audio and video can deliver on-demand
pictures and sounds. Sites like CNN.com offer clips
from their broadcasts.
Some files require a plug-in program like RealPlayer.
In recent versions of Windows, Microsoft’s
MediaPlayer is built in and automatically loads when
a music file is selected.
32
Chapter 3 Summary Questions
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What is e-commerce?
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E-commerce is the business of conducting business
online.
In business-to-consumer or B2C transactions, such
as Amazon.com, the end buyer purchases goods or
services over the Internet.
In business-to-business or B2B transactions,
businesses sell to one another.
In consumer-to-consumer C2C transactions, like
Ebay.com, consumers sell to one another.
33
Chapter 3 Summary Questions
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What are cookies?
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They are text files stored on client computers when
visiting Web sites.
Cookies are a necessary annoyance because they
enhance the Web experience and speed up Web
page loading.
When you go to a Web page for the first time, the
Web document drops a small text file in a folder. This
text file saves information about the user and assigns
an identification code so that when the user returns,
the same preferences are loaded and the Web site
may be more geared to the user.
34
Chapter 3 Summary Questions
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What is a Web browser?
Web browser is software installed on your
computer system that allows you to locate,
view, and navigate the Web.
 Web browsers are graphical, meaning they
can display pictures (graphics) in addition to
text, as well as other forms of multimedia,
such as sound and video.
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35
Chapter 3 Summary Questions
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What is a URL and what are its parts?
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A URL is a Web site’s address. It is composed of several parts
that help identify the Web document for which it stands.
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The first part of the URL indicates the set of rules (or the
protocol) used to retrieve the specified document. HTTP is most
common. Another popular protocol is FTP.
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The protocol is generally followed by a colon, two forward
slashes, www (indicating World Wide Web), and then the
domain name. Domain names consist of two parts: the host
and the top-level domain (TLD).
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At times, a forward slash and additional text follow the domain
name. The information after the slash indicates a particular file or
path (or subdirectory) within the Web site.
36
Chapter 3 Summary Questions
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How can I use hyperlinks and other tools to get around the Web?
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Once you’ve reached a Web site, you can jump from Web page to
another within the Web site or to another Web site altogether by clicking
on specially coded text called hyperlinks.
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While browsing the Web, you may want to remember a site for future
reference. Using the “Favorites” or “Bookmark” feature, the site’s URL is
stored in a special folder.
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A search engine is a set of programs that searches the Web for
specific keywords you wish to query and then returns a list of the Web
sites on which those keywords are found.
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A subject directory is a guide to the Internet organized by topics and
subtopics.
37
Chapter 3 Summary Questions
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How do I search the Internet using search
engines and subject directories?
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The search engine software searches the indexed
data, pulling out relevant information according to
your search.
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With a subject directory, you do not use keywords to
search the Web. Instead, after selecting the main
subject from the directory, you narrow your search by
successively clicking on subfolders that match your
search until you have reached the appropriate
information.
38
Chapter 3 Summary Questions
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How does data travel on the Internet?
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The Internet is a huge client/server network.
Thus, a computer connected to the Internet
acts in one of two ways: it is either a client, a
computer that asks for data, or a server, a
computer that receives the request and
returns the data to the client.
39
Chapter 3 Summary Questions

What are my options for connecting to the
Internet?
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Dial-up connection:
 Uses

standard telephone line
Broadband connections:
 offer
faster means to connect to the Internet.
Broadband connections include DSL, cable, and
satellite
40
Chapter 3 Summary Questions

How do I choose an Internet service provider?
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The choice of Internet Service Provider should be
based on cost versus service.
Factors to consider:
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Customer service
Local access numbers
E-mail options
Cost
Trial period
41
Chapter 3 Summary Questions

What is the origin of the Internet?
The Internet was created to respond to two
concerns: to establish a safe form of military
communications and to create a means by
which all computers could communicate.
 Advanced Research Projects Agency Network

 Funded
by the U.S. government in the 1960s
42
Chapter 3 Summary Questions
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What does the Internet of the future look like?
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The U.S. government sponsors research called the
Large Scale Networking (LSN) program, which funds
cutting-edge research in wireless and networking
technologies.
Another major effort is Internet2, a cooperative
research project of over 200 universities. A major
thrust of their research is increased bandwidth for the
whole Internet.
43
Chapter 4: Application Software:
Programs That Let You Work and Play
 Topics
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Application vs. system software
Productivity software
Graphics and multimedia software
Entertainment software
Educational and reference software
Business software
Getting help with software
Acquiring software
Installing and uninstalling software
44
Chapter 4 Summary Questions

What’s the difference between application
software and system software?
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System software helps run the computer and
coordinates instructions between application software
and the computer’s hardware devices. System
software includes the operating system, utility
programs (programs often in the operating system
that help manage system resources), and device
drivers.
Application software is what you use to do tasks at
home, school, and work.
45
Chapter 4 Summary Questions

What kinds of applications are included in
productivity software that you might use at
home?

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Productivity software includes programs that enable
you to perform various tasks generally required in
home, school, and business.
This category includes word processing, spreadsheet,
presentation, database, and personal information
manager (PIM) programs.
46
Chapter 4 Summary Questions

What are the different kinds of graphics and multimedia software?

Graphics software encompasses a wide range of programs home
users and professionals alike use to design and create attractive
documents, images, illustrations, and Web pages.
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Graphics software allows engineers and other professionals to create
three-dimensional models and drawings to help them visualize
construction plans.
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Graphics software is a part of a larger group of software: multimedia
software.
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Multimedia software includes video and audio editing software,
animation software, and other special software required to produce
computer games.
47
Chapter 4 Summary Questions

What are the different types of
entertainment software?
Entertainment software is designed to
provide users with entertainment.
 Computer games make up the vast majority of
entertainment software.
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48
Chapter 4 Summary Questions
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What is educational and reference software?
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Educational software refers to the variety of
software applications on the market that offer some
form of instruction or training.
Software applications that act as sources for
reference materials, such as the standard atlases,
dictionaries, and thesauri, are referred to collectively
as reference software.
49
Chapter 4 Summary Questions
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What are the different types of drawing software?
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Drawing software (or illustration software) lets you create or
edit two-dimensional line-based drawings such as technical
diagrams or original nonphotographic drawings, animations, and
illustrations using standard drawing and painting tools such as
pens, pencils, and paintbrushes.
Software applications

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Adobe Illustrator include tools that let you create professionalquality illustrations.
Microsoft Visio is a program used to create technical drawings,
maps, basic block diagrams, networking and engineering
flowcharts, and project schedules.
MS-Paint and other bit-mapped programs allow creation of drawings
that can be saved as bit-mapped files such as .bmp, .gif and .jpg.
50
Chapter 4 Summary Questions

What kinds of software do businesses use?
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There are specialized programs for a number of important business
tasks, like writing business and marketing plans.

Project management software such as Microsoft Project helps project
managers easily create and modify scheduling charts so they can plan
and track specific project tasks and coordinate personnel resources.

Mapping programs such as Rand McNally’s StreetFinder are perfect
for businesses that require a lot of travel.

Customer relationship management (CRM) software is used to store
sales and client contact information in one central database. Enterprise
Resource Planning (ERP) systems are used to control many “back
office” operations and processing functions such as billing, production,
inventory management, and human resources management.
51
Chapter 4 Summary Questions

Where can I go for help when I have a problem with my
software?

If you need help while you work with software, there are several
different resources you can access to find answers to your
questions.

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For general help or information about the product, many Web sites
offer frequently asked questions (FAQs) for answers to the most
common questions.
Some programs also offer online help and support.
Some applications are context-sensitive and offer help based on
what task you’re doing or ScreenTips to explain where your cursor
is resting.
There is the Help menu on the menu bar of most applications where
you can choose to search an index or content outline to find out the
nature of almost any feature of a Microsoft application.
52
Chapter 4 Summary Questions

How can I purchase software or get it for
free?
You can find software in almost any retail
environment. Additionally, you can purchase
software online, through catalogs, or at
auctions.
 Software purchased online is downloaded
over the Web and then installed.

53
Chapter 4 Summary Questions

How do I install and uninstall software?

Installing software

Installation wizard




Automatic
Control Panel: Add/Remove Software
Full/custom installation
Uninstalling software


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Software uninstall program
Control Panel: Add/Remove Software
Do not delete
54
Chapter 5: Using System Software: The
Operating System, Utility Programs,
and File Management
 Topics
System software
 Operating systems:

 Kinds
of systems
 Common desktop systems
 User interaction
 Manage the processor
 Manage memory
55
More Topics

Operating systems:
 Manage
hardware
 Interact with application software
 Start the computer
 Keep the computer organized
Desktop and windows features
 Utility programs

56
Chapter 5 Summary Questions

What software is included in system software?

System software consists of two primary types of
programs: the operating system and utility programs.


The operating system (OS) is the main program that
controls how your computer system functions.
System software also includes utility programs. These are
small programs that perform many of the general
housekeeping tasks for the computer, such as system
maintenance and file compression.
57
Chapter 5 Summary Questions

What are the different kinds of operating
systems?

Real-time operating systems don’t require the
intervention of any users at all.

Single-user, single-task operating systems are
proprietary systems developed specifically for the
devices they manage.

Single-user, multitask operating systems are available
commercially, for personal and business use.

Multiuser operating systems coordinate resources for
many users on a network.
58
Chapter 5 Summary Questions

What are the most common desktop
operating systems?

Desktop operating systems include:
 Microsoft
 MAC
Windows
OS
 UNIX
 Linux
59
Chapter 5 Summary Questions

How does the operating system provide
user interaction with the computer?
The operating system provides a user
interface that enables you to interact with the
computer.
 Types of interfaces:

 Command-driven
interface
 Menu-driven interface
 Graphical user interface
60
Chapter 5 Summary Questions

How does the operating system help manage:

The processor?


Memory and storage?




The operating system allocates space in RAM for instructions and
data.
RAM has limited capacity. When there isn’t enough room in RAM for
the OS to store the required data and instructions, it borrows room
from the hard drive.
This process of optimizing RAM storage by borrowing hard drive
space is called virtual memory.
Hardware and peripheral devices?


Controls the timing of events the processor works on
It uses device driver programs to enable the operating system to
communicate with peripheral devices.
Application software?


For software programs to work with the CPU, they must contain
code that the CPU recognizes.
Use blocks of code called application programming interfaces
(APIs).
61
Chapter 5 Summary Questions

How does the operating system help the
computer start up?

For a computer to go from a dead stop to ready-foruse, a four step start-up process is required. This is
often referred to as booting up the computer, or the
boot process. The boot process consists of four basic
steps:
1.
2.
3.
4.
The basic input/output system (BIOS) is activated by powering
on the CPU.
The BIOS checks that all attached devices are in place (called
a power-on self-test, or POST).
The operating system is loaded into RAM.
Configuration and customization settings are checked.
62
Chapter 5 Summary Questions

What are the main desktop and windows
features?

Many such as
 shortcut
icons
 “My Documents” folder
 “My Computer” folder
 “Start Button”
 and more
63
Chapter 5 Summary Questions

How does the operating system help keep the
computer organized?


An additional function of the OS is to enable file
management, which entails providing organizational
structure to the computer’s contents.
The OS allows you to organize the contents of your
computer in a hierarchical structure of directories
that includes drives, folders, subfolders, and files.
64
Chapter 5 Summary Questions

What utility programs are included in system
software and what do they do?


Utility programs are small applications that perform
special functions.
Some utility programs help manage system resources
(such as disk defragmenter utilities), others help
make your time and work on the computer more
pleasant (such as screen savers), and still others
improve efficiency (such as file compression utilities).
65