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PowerPoint for Computer Service and Repair By JoAnne Keltner Goodheart-Willcox Publisher 18604 West Creek Drive Tinley Park, IL 60477 www.g-w.com Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Chapter 2 Operating Systems Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. What Is an Operating System? An operating system is software that does the following: Provides a file system structure. Provides a means of communicating with computer system hardware. Prevents running programs from interfering with one another. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Importance to the PC Technician This chapter introduces the function and terminology of computer operating systems. Understanding how an operating system functions is essential to troubleshooting personal computers. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Objectives Identify various computer operating systems. Explain minimum requirements of an operating system. Describe the three core DOS files. Identify DOS limitations. Explain the differences between the various versions of the Windows operating system. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Objectives Describe how to create a DOS boot disk. Describe the boot process. Describe the relationship of application software, operating systems, BIOS, and system hardware components. Describe the common characteristics of different operating systems. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Presentation Outline 1 2 3 4 Operating System Disk Operating System Microsoft Windows Operating Systems Non-Windows Operating Systems Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. 1 Operating System Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Kernel The kernel is the core of the operating system. Interface File system Kernel Security Computer management Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Operating System Communication User Application software Operating system software BIOS Computer hardware Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Operating System Characteristics Ability to multitask. A user interface. A file structure. Click each link for details. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Common OS Terminology Configuration. Application software. Drivers. Software patches. Click each link for details. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Review Describe three functions of an operating system. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Provides a file system structure. Provides a means of communicating with computer system hardware. Prevents running programs from interfering with one another. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Review The _____ is the core of an operating system. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. kernel Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Review The _____ provides communication between application software and the BIOS. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. operating system Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Review A(n) _____ is used in an OS to keep track of file locations on a disk. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. file allocation table Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Review Software that enables proper communication between the PC and peripherals is called _____. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. drivers Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. 2 Disk Operating System Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Disk Operating System (DOS) The Disk Operating System (DOS) set standards for Windows operating systems to follow. The command line is used to enter commands and to open programs. No multitasking or multiprocessor support. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. DOS Core Files File Description io.sys Contains generic drivers. Kernel. msdos.sys command.com Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Interprets commands. Also called command interpreter. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. DOS Commands Internal commands are commands contained within the command.com file External commands are located in the DOS directory. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Internal Commands Command System Response date Displays the date. dir Displays a list of files, directories, and subdirectories. del Deletes a file. copy Copies a file or group of files from one location to another location. rename Changes a name of a file. time Displays the time. ver Displays the version of the OS running on the computer. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. External Commands Command System Response chkdsk Checks the condition of a disk and displays a report. edit Starts a text editor program, which is similar to a word processor. format Prepares a disk for storing data. print Prints a text file to a printer. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. DOS System Boot Disk A DOS system boot disk contains the necessary files needed to boot the computer. Booting refers to starting the computer and loading the OS. To create a DOS boot disk, the format a: /s command is used. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Naming DOS Files Eight point three (8.3) naming convention. Eight character or less filename, a period (dot), and a threecharacter extension. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Examples: config.sys autoexec.bat myfile.txt Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Common File Extensions File Extension Description .bmp A bitmap graphics file. .com An executable command file. .dll A dynamic link library, which is a collection of data or function that can be used by Windows applications. .doc A document file. .exe An executable file. One that is a program and will run if the name is typed at the DOS prompt. .ini A file containing configuration information for Windows. .log A file that lists actions that have occurred. .txt A text file. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Unacceptable Filename Characters | + = > < ? : [ ] A period can only be used between the filename and extension. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Warm and Cold Boot Warm boot initiated by [Ctrl] [Alt] [Del]. Cold boot initiated by turning the computer on with the switch. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Config.sys Used to load device drivers and to configure, disable, or enable OS features, such as number of files that can be opened. Used in new operating systems to support legacy software applications. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Config.sys Commands Command Function files Used to specify how many files can be opened at one time. devicehigh Loads a device drive into upper memory. buffers Specifies how much memory is allocated for transferring files to and from disks. lastdrive Sets the maximum number of available drives that can be set up on a computer. rem Used to place text in a file as notes. Anything following the command rem will not be executed. stacks Used to specify how much memory is reserved for hardware. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Autoexec.bat Commands Command Function echo Hides or displays messages on the display, using the switches on and off. path Sets up a search path to locate executable files. prompt Determines the appearance of the DOS prompt. rem Used to place text in a file as notes. Anything following the command rem will not be executed. set Sets up, displays, or removes DOS variables. shell Used to specify the location of the command interpreter to be used. pause Suspends the program until any key is pressed. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Autoexec.bat A text file used to load and run programs at startup. Required for legacy programs. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Review What are the names of the three core DOS files? io.sys msdos.sys command.com Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Review Which of the following commands is used to create a DOS boot disk? A. B. C. D. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. chkdsk a: /s chkdsk a: /DOS format a: /s format a: /DOS Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Review Which file is used to load device drivers and to configure, disable, or enable OS features, such as number of files that can be opened? A. B. C. D. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. autoexec.bat config.bat autoexec.sys config.sys Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Review What are some limitations of DOS? 8.3 character naming convention. Command line only. No multitasking or multiprocessor support. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. 3 Microsoft Windows Operating Systems Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. The Microsoft Windows Family Windows 3.x Windows 95 Built on DOS. Offered a GUI. Stores configuration information in system.ini and Windows 98 win.ini. Introduced support for DVD, MMX, AGP, and FAT32. Integrated the Web browser. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Introduced the registry, Plug and Play, and the shortcut menu. 32-bit OS. Enhanced CD player. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. The Microsoft Windows Family (Cont.) Windows NT Workstation and server version. 32-bit OS with preemptive multitasking. Enhanced security. Limited user access. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Windows Me Introduced Advanced Network Wizard and System Restore tool. Introduced support and drivers for video cameras. New technologies added to the Windows 95 kernel. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. The Microsoft Windows Family (Cont.) Windows 2000 Uses a modified NT kernel. Dynamic file system (NTFS5.0). Improved security. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Windows XP Uses a modified NT kernel. Windows XP Home Edition. Windows XP Professional. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Microsoft Windows Desktop Icons System tray Start button Task bar Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Start Menu Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. File Names—Windows 95 and Later Long file names introduced. Allowed for 255 characters. Characters not allowed consist of the following: | Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. * > < ? : / \ “ Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Windows 95, 98, Me Boot Sequence 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Power-on self-test (POST). Bootstrap program loads into memory some basic files and then turns over control to the OS. io.sys msdos.sys config.sys command.com autoexec.bat Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Windows NT, 2000, XP Boot Sequence 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Power-on self-test (POST). Bootstrap program loads into memory some basic files and then turns over control to the OS. NTLDR ntdetect.com boot.ini ntoskrnl.exe Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Windows System Disk A Windows system disk contains the necessary files to start the PC and load the operating system. Windows 95/98/Me Windows 2000 Control Panel | Add C:\ bootdisk \ Remove Programs | makeboot.exe Startup Disk or Create an Emergency Repair Disk from the Backup program. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Windows XP The Setup CD and Recovery Console are used to access a computer with boot problems. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Registry The registry is found in Windows 95, 98, NT, 2000, and XP. It is a database that stores configuration information. Accessed by entering regedit or regedt32 in the Run dialog box off the Start menu. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Registry Editor HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT Object linking and embedding (OLE) information and how files are associated. HKEY_CURRENT_USER Information about the current workstation user. HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE Information specific to the local computer. HKEY_USERS Information for each user of this workstation. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG Display and printer settings. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Registry Files The system.dat file contains information about the computer’s settings. The user.dat file contains information about individuals who use the computer. Can be backed up, copied to disk, and modified. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Review Which Windows operating systems use a modified NT kernel? (Select all that apply.) A. Windows 95 B. Windows XP C. Windows Me D. Windows 2000 Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Review Which Windows operating systems introduced Plug and Play and the registry? A. Windows 95 B. Windows XP C. Windows Me D. Windows 98 Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Review Which Windows operating systems introduced the dynamic file system? A. Windows 95 B. Windows XP C. Windows Me D. Windows 2000 Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Review Place the following Windows NT, 2000, and XP boot sequence steps in their proper order. A. B. C. D. boot.ini NTLDR POST ntoskrnl.exe C, F, B, E, A, D Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. E. ntdetect.com F. Bootstrap program loads into memory some basic files and then turns over control to the OS. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. 4 Non-Windows Operating Systems Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Linux Derivative of UNIX. Many varieties such as Red Hat, SuSE, Caldera, and Debian. Can be installed on a single PC or used as a file server. Programmable code to make the OS is called source code. Source code can be readily downloaded, viewed, and manipulated. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. OS/2 Developed by Microsoft for IBM computers. Had impressive features for its time, such as the ability to use long file names Compatible with DOS and Windows programs. OS/2 programs cannot run on DOS or Windows. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. OS9 Developed jointly by Microware Systems and Motorola. Supports multitasking. It is the operating system behind many industrial technologies as well as WebTV boxes. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Review Which of the following operating systems is based on Linux? A. B. C. D. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. UNIX OS/2 SuSE OS9 Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Review Which of the following operating systems is the operating system behind many industrial technologies as well as WebTV boxes? A. B. C. D. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. UNIX OS/2 Linux OS9 Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only. Review Which of the following operating systems was developed by Microsoft and is compatible with DOS and Windows programs? A. B. C. D. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. UNIX OS/2 Linux OS9 Permission granted to reproduce for educational purposes only.