Transcript COMS W1004 Introduction to Computer Science

Lab #1: UNIX crash course
•
•
•
•
•
Introduction: History of Operating Systems
Lesson #1: Navigating directories
Lesson #2: Creating and editing files with emacs
Lesson #3: Manipulating files
Lesson #4: Creating a webpage
A brief history of Operating Systems
Early Days

Late 1940s to early 1950s

ENIAC, Harvard Mark II, etc.

Single user, single program

OS just had to load program and provide
some basic functionality (read input, write
output)
Batch Processing

Late 1950s to early 1960s

Mostly IBM mainframes (OS/360)

Multiple users, single program each

Load a program, execute it, produce output

Some overlap, e.g. load the next program
while executing the first one
Multiprogramming




Late 1960s to early 1980s
Appear to run multiple programs (on behalf
of multiple users) by switching between
them
Interrupt driven: each program runs until it
needs to pause for I/O
Time sharing: each program runs for a
“quantum” of time
History of UNIX

MULTICS (1964-69)



Early timesharing system developed by MIT,
Bell Labs, General Electric
Too ambitious for its time
UNICS (1970)


Developed by Ken Thompson after Bell Labs
pulled out of MULTICS project
Only ran on (somewhat defunct) DEC PDP-7
UNIX Programming Languages




In order to port to other platforms,
Thompson created a high-level
programming language called B
Dennis Ritchie created a better
implementation called C
Thompson and Ritchie rewrote UNIX in C
To port to another platform, all you needed
was a C compiler
Variants of UNIX



Many universities at the time had DEC PDP11s, but those operating systems were
considered to be pretty bad
AT&T (Bell Labs' parent) licensed UNIX
source code to universities
A number of UNIX variants sprung up

Berkeley's being the most popular
UNIX Today

POSIX attempted to consolidate UNIX
variants into a single standard in late 1980s



Portable Operating System Interface for UNIX
Various vendor-specific (but POSIXcompliant) implementations started
popping up
Sun Solaris and Linux most popular today
UNIX Command Line
Today's Lab
• Log in
• Start the Konsole or Terminal program
–
probably from “Activities”, then
“Applications”, then “System”
• Go through the four Lessons and six Tasks
• You can leave when you're done
• Ask for help if you need it!