Transcript Secondary Storage - McGraw Hill Higher Education

Business Plug-In B3
Hardware and Software
(on OLC)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
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Describe the six major categories of hardware and provide
an example of each.
Identify the different computer categories and explain their
potential business uses.
Explain the difference between primary and secondary
storage.
List the common input, output, storage, and
communication devices.
Describe the eight categories of computers by size.
Define the relationship between operating system
software and utility software.
B3-2
INTRODUCTION
• Information Technology (IT)—Any computerbased tool that people use to work with information
and support the information and informationprocessing needs of an organization
– Hardware—Consists of the physical devices associated
with a computer system
– Software—The set of instructions that the hardware
executes to carry out specific tasks
– Computer—An electronic device operating under the
control of instructions stored in its own memory that can
accept, manipulate, and store data
B3-3
HARDWARE
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)—The actual hardware
that interprets and executes the program (software)
instructions and coordinates how all the other hardware
devices work together
• Control Unit—Interprets software instructions and
literally tells the other hardware devices what to do,
based on the software instructions
• Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU)—Performs all arithmetic
operations (for example, addition and subtraction) and
all logic operations (such as sorting and comparing
numbers)
B3-4
HARDWARE
• The number of CPU cycles per second
determines the speed of a CPU:
– Megahertz (MHz)—The number of millions of CPU
cycles per second
– Gigahertz (GHz)—The number of billions of CPU
cycles per second
• Binary Digit (bit)—The smallest unit of information
that a computer can process
• Byte—A group of eight bits representing one
natural language character
B3-5
ADVANCES IN CPU DESIGN
• Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) chip
– Type of CPU that can recognize as many as 100 or
more instructions, enough to carry out most
computations directly
• Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) chip
– Limit the number of instructions the CPU can
execute to increase processing speed
• Virtualization
– A protected memory space created by the CPU
allowing the computer to create virtual machines
B3-6
PRIMARY STORAGE
• Random Access Memory
(RAM)—The computer’s
primary working memory, in
which program instructions
and data are stored so that
they can be accessed
directly by the CPU via the
processor’s high-speed
external data bus
– Volatility
– Cache Memory
• Read-Only Memory
(ROM)—The portion of a
computer’s primary
storage that does not lose
its contents when one
switches off the power
– Flash Memory
– Memory Card
– Memory Stick
B3-7
SECONDARY STORAGE
• Secondary Storage—Consists of equipment
designed to store large volumes of data for
long-term storage
– Megabyte (MB)—roughly 1 million bytes
– Gigabyte (GB)—roughly 1 billion bytes
– Terabyte (TB)—roughly 1 trillion bytes
B3-8
MAGNETIC MEDIUM
• Magnetic Medium—A secondary storage medium that
uses magnetic techniques to store and retrieve data on
disks or tapes coated with magnetically sensitive
materials
• Magnetic Tape—An older secondary storage medium
that uses a strip of thin plastic coated with a
magnetically sensitive recording medium
• Hard Drive—A secondary storage medium that uses
several rigid disks coated with a magnetically sensitive
material and housed together with the recording heads
in a hermetically sealed mechanism
B3-9
OPTICAL MEDIUM
• Optical medium types include:
– Compact Disk-Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM)
– Compact Disk-Read-Write (CD-RW) Drive
– Digital Video Disk (DVD)
– DVD-ROM Drive
– Digital Video Disk-Read/Write (DVD-RW)
B3-10
INPUT DEVICES
• Input Device—Equipment used to capture information
and commands
– Manual Input Device
• Joystick
• Keyboard
• Microphone
– Automated Input Device
• Bar code scanner
• Digital camera
• Magnetic ink character reader
B3-11
OUTPUT DEVICE
• Output Device—Equipment used to see, hear, or
otherwise accept the results of information
processing requests
– Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT)
– Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
– Laser printer
– Ink-jet printer
– Plotter
B3-12
COMMUNICATION DEVICE
• Communication device—Equipment
used to send information and receive it
from one location to another
– Dial-up access
– Cable
– Digital subscriber line
– Wireless
– Satellite
B3-13
COMPUTER CATEGORIES
• For the past 20 years, federally funded
supercomputing research has given birth to
some of the computer industry’s most
significant technology breakthroughs
including:
– Clustering
– Parallel Processing
– Mosaic Browser
B3-14
SOFTWARE BASICS
• System Software—Controls how the various
technology tools work together along with the
application software
– Operating System Software
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Linux
Max OS X
Microsoft Windows
MS-DOS
Unix
– Utility Software
– Application Software
B3-15