Transcript What Is A Computer?

Digital Literacy
Computer Basics/
Class Notes
EQ:
What are the parts and features of a computer functions and
components of operating systems, programs, and networks?
(combined EQ for this review)
E
•A computer is an electronic
device that receives data,
processes data, stores data,
and produces a result (output).
Q: What are the parts and features of a computer functions and components
of operating systems, programs, and networks? (combined EQ for this review)
Lesson 1: Introduction to
Computers
What Is A Computer?
•
•
•
•
•
Computer Case
Monitor
Keyboard and Mouse
Disk Drive
Speakers
• Data: information
entered into the
computer to be
processed, which consists
of the following:
• Text, numbers, sounds,
and images
• People: the users of the
computers who enter the
data and use the output.
E
• Hardware: the tangible,
physical equipment that
can be seen and touched
such as:
Two types:
• Systems/Operating System
• Applications
Q: What are the parts and features of a computer functions and components
of operating systems, programs, and networks? (combined EQ for this review)
What Is A
Computer System?
• Software: the intangible
set of instructions that
tells the computer what
to do; know as programs
or software programs.
E
• Input Device:
hardware that
allows you to
communicate
with your
computer.
Q: What are the parts and features of a computer functions and components
of operating systems, programs, and networks? (combined EQ for this review)
Parts of a Computer: INPUT
Devices
1.2
E
5
Q: What are the parts and features of a computer functions and components
of operating systems, programs, and networks? (combined EQ for this review)
2
3
4
• Output device:
hardware that
allows your
computer to
communicate
with the user
1
Parts of a Computer:
OUTPUT Devices
1.2
The device that
interprets and runs
the commands that
you give to a
computer. It is the
control unit of the
computer.
Also known as the
Processor
E
CPU: Central Processing Unit
Q: What are the parts and features of a computer functions and components
of operating systems, programs, and networks? (combined EQ for this review)
1.2
• Central Processing Unit (CPU): the microprocessor, the brains of the
computer.
• Housed on a tiny silicon chip
• Chip contains millions of switches and pathways that help your computer make
important decisions.
• CPU knows which switches to turn on and which to turn off because it receives its
instructions from computer programs (software).
• CPU has two primary sections:
• Arithmetic/logic unit
• Control unit
• Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU): performs arithmetic computations and logical
operations; by combining these two operations the ALU can execute complex
tasks.
• Arithmetic operations include addition, subtractions, multiplication, and division.
• Logical operations involve comparisons.
• Control Unit: is the “boss” and coordinates all of the CPU’s activities.
• Uses programming instructions, it controls the flow of information through the
processor by controlling what happens inside the processor.
• We communicate with the computer through programming languages.
•
COBOL, C++, or VisualBasic.net, HTML, Java Script for example.
E
System Components
Q: What are the parts and features of a computer functions and components
of operating systems, programs, and networks? (combined EQ for this review)
1.2
Memory: found on the motherboard; short term and long term.
• Random Access Memory (RAM): memory on the motherboard that is
short term; where data, information, and program instructions are stored
temporarily on a RAM chip or a set of RAM chips.
• When the computer is turned off or if there is loss of power, what ever is
stored in RAM disappears.
• This memory know as the main memory and is considered volatile.
• The computer can read from and write to RAM.
• Read-Only Memory (ROM): memory on the motherboard that is long
term; where the specific instructions that are needed for the computer to
operate are stored.
• This memory is nonvolatile and your computer can only read from a ROM chip.
• The instructions remain on the chip regardless if the power is turned on or off.
• Most common is the BIOS ROM; where the computer uses instructions
contained on this chip to boot or start the system when you turn on your
computer.
INTEL: Introduction to Computers Lesson 4: How Computers Store Information
E
System Components
Q: What are the parts and features of a computer functions and components
of operating systems, programs, and networks? (combined EQ for this review)
1.2
• Motherboard: Main circuit board inside the computer where
all components are attached.
• Expansion Slots: an opening on the motherboard where a
circuit board or expansion board can be inserted.
Examples:
•
•
•
•
•
Additional Memory
Video Cards
Modem Cards
Sound Cards
Network Internet Card (NIC)
E
System Components
Q: What are the parts and features of a computer functions and components
of operating systems, programs, and networks? (combined EQ for this review)
1.2
Motherboard
E
Memory
RAM
CD
Drive
Q: What are the parts and features of a computer functions and components
of operating systems, programs, and networks? (combined EQ for this review)
Hard
Drive
ROM
Power
Box
Microprocessor
CPU
Network
Internet
Card NIC
E
• Storage device:
allows you to
store or retrieve
information
Q: What are the parts and features of a computer functions and components
of operating systems, programs, and networks? (combined EQ for this review)
Parts of a Computer:
STORAGE Devices
1.2
E
PORTS . . .
to connect!
USBs
Universal Serial Bus
Phone/Ethernet
Q: What are the parts and features of a computer functions and components
of operating systems, programs, and networks? (combined EQ for this review)
Power
Source
Serial and Parallel Ports
Types of Processing
• Part I. Systems Software:
A group of programs that coordinate and
control the resources and operations of a
computer system.
– Enables all components of the computer system
to communicate.
•Part II. Applications Software:
Programs that work with the OS
software to help you use your
computer to do specific types of
work.
E
P
What is the rocessing
component of the IPOS Cycle?
Q: What are the parts and features of a computer functions and components
of operating systems, programs, and networks? (combined EQ for this review)
EQ:
E
Systems Software
A group of programs that coordinate and control
the resources and operations
of a computer system.
•Operating System
(OS): provide an
interface between
the user or
application program
and the computer
hardware.
PC- Intel Processor
Mac-Motorola Processor
PCCompatibles
Windows
Win 95
Win 98
Win 2000
Win XP
Win 7
MACS
OS Mac
System 6
System 7
OS X Snow
Leopard
Q: What are the parts and features of a computer functions and components
of operating systems, programs, and networks? (combined EQ for this review)
Lesson 2/
Operating System
OS can run
Parallel on MACs
MAC
E
MAC
Q: What are the parts and features of a computer functions and components
of operating systems, programs, and networks? (combined EQ for this review)
Windows
Systems Software
GUI (graphical user interface):
graphical symbols (icons)
represent files, disks, programs,
Windows
and other objects.
• Internet, electronic messages (e-mail), faxes, and electronic or online
banking
• Four components:
• Sender: the computer that is sending the message.
• Receiver: the computer receiving the message.
• Channel: the media that carries or transports the message. (telephone
wire, coaxial cable, microwave signal, or fiber optic)
• Protocol: the rules that govern the orderly transfer of the data sent.
E
• The technology that enables computers to communicate
• The transmission of text, numeric, voice or video data from one
machine to another.
• Popular examples:
Q: What are the parts and features of a computer functions and components
of operating systems, programs, and networks? (combined EQ for this review)
Part 2.
Data Communications
Channel
Receiver
Receiver
Channel
WAN Wide Area Network
Sender
Sender-sends message
Channel-path message travel
Receiver-receives message
Protocol-An agreed-upon format
for transmitting data between two
devices.
Example: Text . Images . Sound
E
Computers connected close locationsame building/same department
Q: What are the parts and features of a computer functions and components
of operating systems, programs, and networks? (combined EQ for this review)
Sender
LAN Local Area Network
local area networks (LAN) are expanded to
include several local area networks within a
city, state, region, territory, country,
continent, or the world.
E
• Modem: allows you to use your computer to
communicate with other computers.
Sender
Channel
Receiver
Q: What are the parts and features of a computer functions and components
of operating systems, programs, and networks? (combined EQ for this review)
Data Communications
• They can share information and sometimes hardware (printers)
• Local Area Networks (LAN): computers connected together in a
relatively close location such as in the same building or
department.
• The data and software for these computers are stored on a central
computer called the file server.
• Wide Area Networks (WAN): when local area networks are
expanded to include several local area networks within a city,
state, region, territory, country, continent, or the world.
E
• Network: when computers are connected to other
computers
Q: What are the parts and features of a computer functions and components
of operating systems, programs, and networks? (combined EQ for this review)
Data Communications
E
Q: What are the parts and features of a computer functions and components
of operating systems, programs, and networks? (combined EQ for this review)
LAN Local Area Network
Computers connected close locationsame building/same department
Network:
When computer are
connected to other
computers that can
share information and
sometimes hardware
(printers)
WAN Wide Area Network
local area networks (LAN) are expanded to
include several local area networks within a
city, state, region, territory, country,
continent, or the world.
E
Q: What are the parts and features of a computer functions and components
of operating systems, programs, and networks? (combined EQ for this review)
Types of Computers
E
File:Columbia Supercomputer - NASA
Advanced Supercomputing Facility.jpg,
Retrieved on September 23, 2011, from
Wikipedia.org
The Space Shuttle
Columbia
Supercomputer
Q: What are the parts and features of a computer functions and components
of operating systems, programs, and networks? (combined EQ for this review)
Used to do things like predict hurricanes
and navigate satellites
Supercomputers: most powerful
E
used by business, government and school
systems to process large amounts of
information.
Q: What are the parts and features of a computer functions and components
of operating systems, programs, and networks? (combined EQ for this review)
Mainframes and minicomputers:
E
• Desktop computer: designed to be used on a
desktop.
• Notebook/Tablet computer: designed to be used
on a desktop but still small enough to be
portable.
• Laptop computer: designed to be small enough
and light enough to be used on your lap.
Q: What are the parts and features of a computer functions and components
of operating systems, programs, and networks? (combined EQ for this review)
Personal Computers
• May have a special keyboard, some use
a pen or stylus for entering data
- Data can be transferred to a desktop or laptop computer
• Web TV: provides easy access to the Internet without
having to have a traditional computer.
• Enables you to connect to the Internet and usually includes a
keyboard or other device for entering and selecting data.
E
• PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants): a handheld device that
is often used in conjunction with a desktop or other PC.
Q: What are the parts and features of a computer functions and components
of operating systems, programs, and networks? (combined EQ for this review)
Additional Types
of Computers
• Called the
Binary System
• Combining bits (0 and
1), you can represent
any character or
number
E
• A collection of
electronic circuits,
which can be on or off
(open or closed).
• -These two states of
the circuit are
represented by two
digits, 0 and 1.
Q: What are the parts and features of a computer functions and components
of operating systems, programs, and networks? (combined EQ for this review)
Role of Memory
E
1 bit
is either a
8 bits
1 or a 0
(on/off)
(combination of 1s and 0s) =
1 byte
01010100 = 1
1 byte
01010100
character T
BYTE Size
Approx. Size
Example of Storage Capacity
KB-Kilobyte
1,024 bytes
1 email/1 document
MB-Megabyte
1-million bytes
1 textbook
GB-Gigabyte
1-billion bytes
HUGE storage/video storage
TB-Terabyte
1-trillion bytes
Government/School Files
Q: What are the parts and features of a computer functions and components
of operating systems, programs, and networks? (combined EQ for this review)
Bits to Bytes
.
E
Software designed for specific tasks
• Categories
• Business
• Communications
• Graphics and Multimedia
• Education and Reference
• Entertainment and Leisure
• Integrated Programs
Q: What are the parts and features of a computer functions and components
of operating systems, programs, and networks? (combined EQ for this review)
Application Software
E
• Word Processing (WORD)
• program that allows you to
create, edit, and print text
documents
• Report, flyer, memo
• Spreadsheet (EXCEL)
• Numbered Rows and Lettered
Columns
• Intersection of them = cell
• Grade book, financial info
• Database (Access)
• Lets you set up an
electronic filing systems
• Enter text and numbers
• Find, search, and printer
info in different ways
• Address book, Card
Catalog
Q: What are the parts and features of a computer functions and components
of operating systems, programs, and networks? (combined EQ for this review)
Business Software
• Works with your
modems or
network hardware
and allows your
computer to
communicate with
other computers.
• Exchange computer
files and email .
Internet
E
• Communications
• Graphics Software
- uses pictures or
images to help
communicate
messages.
• Multimedia:
- combines text,
graphics, animation,
video, and audio.
• Clip art:
- graphical images to
be added to
documents
• Desktop Publishing:
- uses both pictures
and words to give you
the ability to create
documents
•Newsletters and
brochures
Q: What are the parts and features of a computer functions and components
of operating systems, programs, and networks? (combined EQ for this review)
Applications Software
• Available on many
topics
• Help
• Easier
• Quicker
• Examples: AR,
Encyclopedia, etc.
• Entertainment &
Leisure
•
•
•
•
Fun
Games and simulations
Tests your skills
Interactive
E
• Education &
Reference
Q: What are the parts and features of a computer functions and components
of operating systems, programs, and networks? (combined EQ for this review)
Applications Software
•
•
•
•
•
Business (WP . DB . SS)
Communications
Graphics and Multimedia
Education and Reference
Entertainment and Leisure
E
• Combine several
• Examples:
software applications
• MS OFFICE
into one program- “Bundle”. • Lotus SmartSuite
Include:
Q: What are the parts and features of a computer functions and components
of operating systems, programs, and networks? (combined EQ for this review)
Integrated Software