Transcript Hardware Overview

Review
Chapter
Microcomputer Systems
Hardware, Software, and the
Operating System
Ch Review
1
Overview
Operating system of choice
today is Windows 95/98
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Overview
Previously MS-DOS was
the operating system of
choice.
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Overview
When using MS-DOS …


only one application can
be run at any given time
there is no sharing of
resources
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Overview
When using Windows …


more than one program
can run at any given time
data can be shared
between programs
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Overview
Still important to know DOS
even though Windows 95 OS
no longer requires it.
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An Introduction
to Computers
Widespread use of
computers in all sectors of
our lives.
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Categories of
Computers
Four major categories of
computers:




Supercomputer
Mainframe
Minicomputer
Microcomputer
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Computer
Components
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Computer
Components
For a computer to function
it needs …



hardware
software
data
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Microcomputer
Hardware
Components
System configuration …
the basic hardware
components of a complete
operating system.
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Microcomputer
Hardware
Components
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The System Unit
System unit …
houses the electronic and
mechanical parts of the
computer.
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The System Unit
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Central Processing
Unit
Central Processing Unit
(CPU) …
the brains of the computer.
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Central Processing
Unit
Bus …
a connection or path (wires)
between the CPU and the
input/output devices.
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Random Access
Memory
Random Access Memory
(RAM) …
the workspace of the
computer.
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Cache Memory
Cache Memory …
a place in memory where
data can be stored for quick
access.
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Read-only
Memory
Read-only memory
(ROM) …
designed to hold permanently
stored programs installed by
the computer manufacturer.
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Read-only
Memory
ROM …
is sometimes called
Firmware.
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Adapter Cards
Adapter Cards …
printed circuit boards
installed in the computer to
allow installation and use of
peripheral devices.
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Controllers
Controller …
determines number and kinds
of devices that can be
attached to a computer.
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Input/Output
Adapter Cards
Input/Output (I/O) …
the process of data and
program instructions going in
and out of the CPU.
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Input/Output
Adapter Cards
Input/Output Adapter Cards …
enables communication with
devices.
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Input/Output
Adapter Cards
A typical I/O card has both
a…


serial port (COM port)
parallel port (LPT port)
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Input/Output
Adapter Cards
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Peripherals:
Input Devices
Input Devices …
used to get data or
information into computer.
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Peripherals:
Output Devices
Output Devices …
used to view data or
information that is in the
computer.
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Output Devices:
Monitors
The computer monitor is a
common output device.
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Output Devices:
Monitors
Monitor resolution is
measured by the number
of pixels on the screen.
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Output Devices:
Monitors
There are two types of
monitors available:

Interlaced

Non-interlaced
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Output Devices:
Monitors
A video display adapter card
(video card) controls the
monitor.
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Output Devices:
Printers
The printer is an output
device that is used to
produce a hard (paper)
copy.
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Modems
Other output devices
include …


phone modems
cable modems
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Modems
MOdulator/DEModulator
(Modem) …
translates digital signals into
analog signals that travel
over phone or cable lines.
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Disks
and
Disk Drives
External (Secondary) storage
media …
is needed in order to save
information permanently.
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Disks
and
Disk Drives
Two types of common
secondary storage media
are:


Floppy disks
Hard disks
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Capacity Measurement:
Bits and Bytes
A computer is made up of
switches that are either in an
“on” state or an “off” state.
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Capacity Measurement:
Bits and Bytes
Binary digit (BIT) …
the smallest unit that a
computer can recognize.
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Capacity Measurement:
Bits and Bytes
Byte …
a unit of measurement that is
comprised of eight bits.
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Capacity Measurement:
Bits and Bytes
Computer storage and
memory are both
measured in bytes.
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Floppy Disks
The two types of floppy
disks are the …


3 - 1/2 inch disk
5 - 1/4 inch disk
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Floppy Disks
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CD-ROMs
Compact disc (CD) …
a common transport and
storage device for software.
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CD-ROMs
DVD is an enhancement of
CD-ROM technology.
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Removable Disks
The removable disk is
another type of external
storage media.
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Hard Disks
The hard disk …


is a non-removable
disk
holds more info than a
removable floppy disk
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Hard Disks
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Dividing
the
Disk
Disks are divided into
numbered tracks and
sectors.
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Dividing
the
Disk
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Disk Drives
Disk drive …
writes information to and
from a disk.
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Disk Drives
Cluster …
basic unit of disk storage.
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Disk Drives
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Device Names
Device …
a place for a computer to
send or receive information.
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Device Names
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Software
Software is …
the step-by-step instructions
that tell the computer what to
do.
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Software
Two categories of
software:


Application software
System software
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Software
System software is divided
into three categories:



Operating systems
System utility
Programming
language processor
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Software
The OS supervises …


the processing of
application programs
all computer input/output
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Software
The term Operating
System is generic.
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Software
In Windows 95/98, “MS-DOS
prompt” is the same as …

“command line”

“command prompt”
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Operating System
Fundamentals
Operating system (OS) …
is a program that is always
working.
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Operating System
Fundamentals
ROM-BIOS …
provides the interface
between the hardware and the
OS.
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Operating System
Fundamentals
The Boot Up Process:
1. Runs a program in ROM-BIOS which does
a self check.
2. ROM-BIOS checks to see if disk drive is
installed.
3. Looks for boot record.
4. When proper boot record found, reads
record from disk into RAM.
5. Turns control over to this program.
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Operating System
Fundamentals
Command processor …
the program that the user
communicates and interacts
with.
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Operating System
Fundamentals
The OS utilizes two types of
commands:

Internal

External
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Operating System
Fundamentals
An executable program will have
a file name with one of the three
following file extensions …
 .com
 .exe
 .bat
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Networks
A network …


is two or more computers
connected together
enables users to
communicate and share
resources
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Networks
Two kinds of networks:


LAN
WAN
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Networks
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