Transcript Extended Learning Module A

Intro to MIS – MGS351
Computer Hardware
and Software
Extended Learning Module A
Chapter Overview
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History
Binary and Digital Communications
Hardware
– CPU, Memory, Storage Devices, Input
Devices, Output Devices
Software
– Operating Systems, Application
Software, Programming Languages
“If we can build something that adds,
we’re well on our way to building
something that uses addition to also
subtract, multiply, divide, calculate
mortgage payments, guide rockets to
Mars, play chess and foul up our
phone bills.”
- Charles Petzold, CODE p131
Difference Engine
"I wish to God these calculations had been executed by steam."
– Charles Babbage upon finding multiple errors in calculation tables
Binary Communications
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Could you communicate successfully
with only two signals, symbols or
sounds?
Telegraph / Morse Code
– Braille
–
Can a Binary Machine
do Math?
Electricity and binary math?
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Series circuit
S1
Open
Open
Closed
Closed
S2
Open
Closed
Open
Closed
Result
Not Lit
Not Lit
Not Lit
Lit
S1
0
0
1
1
Series/AND
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
S2
0
1
0
1
Result
0
0
0
1
Electricity and binary math?
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Parallel circuit
S1
Open
Open
Closed
Closed
S2 Result
Open Not Lit
Closed Lit
Open
Lit
Closed Lit
S1
0
0
1
1
Parallel/OR
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
S2
0
1
0
1
Result
0
1
1
1
Binary Addition
0 + 0 = 00
0 + 1 = 01
1 + 0 = 01
1 + 1 = 10
SUM
0
1
0
00
01
1
01
10
CARRY
VALUES
0
1
SUM
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
Exactly like Series/AND
Almost like Parallel/OR
Stibitz 1-Bit Model K Adder
"We wouldn't have our iPhones today, if we didn't start out with stuff like this."
- Steve Wozniak
Digital Communications
Bit (binary digit)
Represents smallest unit of data in
the form of either 0 or 1
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Byte
String of bits, usually eight
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Stores one number or character
Digital Communications
Sentence written in ASCII
0100000101010011010000110
1001001010010010010000001
1010010111001100100000011
0111001101111011101000010
0000011001100111010101101
1100010000001110100011011
1100100000011101000111100
1011100000110010100101110
What is this?
What is this?
Hardware
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The physical electronic
components and peripherals of
a computer that do the “work” of
computing.
CPU (processor)
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Interprets and carries out basic
instructions that operate a
computer. Controls other parts
of the computer system.
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Gigahertz and Multicore
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Moore’s Law
Memory (Primary Storage)
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Temporarily stores software program(s)
being executed, data used by the
programs and other instructions.
RAM - Random Access Memory (GB)
ROM - Read Only Memory
Volatile versus non-volatile
www.crucial.com
CPU and Primary Storage
What is this?
Storage Devices
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Sequential versus direct access
Magnetic disk: Floppy disk, Hard
disk
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Optical disks: CD-ROM, DVDs
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Solid state drive
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Magnetic tape: Inexpensive, older
secondary-storage medium
Input Devices
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Keyboard and Mouse
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Touch Screen
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Image and Biometric Scanner
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Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
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Optical Mark Reader
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Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
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Bar Code Scanner
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Pen Based Input and Audio Input
Input Devices - Keyboard
Output Devices
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Monitors
–
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CRT, LCD, LED and Plasma
Printers
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Inkjet, Laser, Multifunction and 3D
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Audio Output
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Microfilm and Microfiche
Software
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The electronic instructions that
tell the computer hardware what
to do. Software is useless
without hardware and vice
versa.
Software
• Software program: Series of
statements or instructions to the
computer
• System software: Generalized
programs, manages computer’s
resources
• Application software: Programs
written to perform functions specified
by end users
Major Types of Software
Figure 6-9
What is an Operating System?
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A set of programs that manages the
operations of a computer and functions
as an interface between the user, the
application programs and the computer
hardware.
–
Win 9x, Win 2000, Win XP, Win Vista, Win
7, Win 8, Mac OS, DOS, UNIX, Linux,
OS/2, MVS and more!
Role of the Operating System
Operating System Functions
• Allocates and assigns system resources
• Schedules use of computer resources
• Monitors computer system activities
• Provides locations in primary memory
for data and programs
• Controls the input and output devices
Linux
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Consumers Love It.
Linux represents a best-of-breed UNIX, that is trusted in
mission critical applications, and - due to it's open source
code - has a long term credibility which exceeds many
other competitive OS's.
Linux has been deployed in mission critical, commercial
environments with an excellent pool of public testimonials.
Linux's (real and perceived) virtues over Windows NT
include: Customization, Availability/Reliability, Scaleability
Performance and Interoperability
Source: Microsoft!
The infamous Halloween documents: www.opensource.org/halloween.html
Some Popular Linux
Distributions
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Ubuntu - www.ubuntu.com
Linux Mint - linuxmint.com
Zorin OS - www.zorin-os.com
Hundreds more at distrowatch.com
Can try Linux without installing it using
a Linux LiveCD - www.livecdlist.com
Application Software
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Software designed to perform peoplerelated tasks such as payroll, inventory,
and sales analysis.
Questions when Selecting Software
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Proprietary or Common Off the Shelf
(COTS) Software? Build or Buy?
Open Source or Commercial?
Popular Programming
Languages
• Java, Javascript, C, C++, PHP,
Python, C#, Visual Basic, Objective
C, Perl, Ruby, JavaScript, Delphi
Programming Languages
• Machine language: Consists of 1s
and 0s of binary code
• Assembly language: Resembles
machine language, substitutes
mnemonics for numeric codes
• Third-generation languages:
FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC,
Pascal, and C
Programming Languages
• Fourth-generation language: Employed
directly by end users - nonprocedural
• Natural languages: A type of 4th
generation language that is similar to
human language
• Query languages: Used to retrieve data
stored in databases or files
Programming Languages
• Machine code
010010 001010 111010 001011
• Assembly language
AR 5,3
• FORTRAN
READ (5,100) ID, QUANT, PRICE
TOTAL = QUANT * PRICE
• COBOL
MULTIPLY QUANT-SOLD BY UNIT-PRICE
GIVING SALES-TOTAL
Language Translation
Software
• Translates high-level language
programs into machine language
(1s and 0s) binary executables
• Compilers
• Interpreters
Is newer technology better?
When should you upgrade?
Quote
“We should be impressed by
technology, but we shouldn’t be
distracted by it or fooled into
thinking that technology, unto
itself, is the solution to anything.”
-Lou Gerstner