Transcript Review

Review For
Exam 1
(January 28, 2009)
BUS3500 - Abdou Illia, Spring 2008
1
Introduction to
Information Systems
2
Summary Questions
Notes
1) Distinguish between Data and Information
2) List/Explain main components of an information system
3) What is the difference between Transaction Processing Systems
(TPS) and Decision Support Systems (DSS) in terms of their
targeted users?
4) What is the difference between Decision Support Systems (DSS)
and Executive Information Systems (EIS) in terms of their target
users.
5) What is the difference between Chief Information Officer and
Chief Security Officer?
6) What is a Chief Knowledge Officer responsible for?
7) (a) What are the major components in a DSS? (b) What is the
function of each?
8) What is an Expert System? What are the main components of an
Expert system? What is a knowledge engineer?
3
Data versus Information

Data – raw facts that represent the characteristics of an event

Example 1:



Example 2:



Event: High temperature
Data: 100° F
Event: Sale
Data: Sale’s date, item number, item description, etc.
Information – facts within a given context


The temperature today at noon in Times Square, NYC was 100° F
Monday’s total sales for item #0001 is $1200.00
I
P
O
4
Information Systems
A set of interrelated information technologies that
work together to collect, store, process, and
distribute information

Major components of information systems


Hardware (physical parts of a computer or other computing devices)

Software (Instructions that tell hardware what to do)

Databases (Software that enables storage/retrieval of data)

Networks (Computing devices that communicate with each other)

People
Information
Technologies

Information technology (IT): Computer-based tool
that people use to work with information and
support the information and information-processing
needs of an organization
5
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN IT

Information Technology is a relatively new
functional area, having only been around
formally for around 40 years

Recent IT strategic positions include:





Chief
Chief
Chief
Chief
Chief
Information Officer (CIO)
Technology Officer (CTO)
Security Officer (CSO)
Privacy Officer (CPO)
Knowledge Officer (CKO)
6
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN IT

Chief Information Officer (CIO)



Chief Security Officer (CSO)




Oversees all uses of IT
Ensures the strategic alignment of IT with business goals
and objectives
Responsible
Responsible
Responsible
policies and
for ensuring the security of IT systems
for developing security policies and strategies
for controlling implementation of security
strategies
Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO)


Responsible for collecting, maintaining, and distributing the
organization’s knowledge
Responsible for supervising the implementation of
knowledge systems
7
Administrative Information Systems

Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)


Office Automation Systems (OAS)


Systems designed to help office workers in doing their
job.
Decision Support Systems (DSS)


Basic business system that serves the operational level
(analysts) in an organization
Systems designed to support middle managers and
business professionals during the decision-making
process
Executive Information Systems (EIS)

Specialized DSS that help senior level executives make
decisions.
8
DSS structure


Designed to help middle managers
make decisions
Major components

Data management subsystem


Model management subsystem


Internal and external data sources
Typically mathematical in nature
User
Interface
Model Management
- Sensitivity Analysis
-> What-if Analysis
-> Goal-seeking Analysis
User interface


How the people interact with the DSS
Data visualization is the key
 Text
 Graphs
 Charts
Data Management
-
Transactional Data
Data warehouse
Business partners data
Economic data
9
DSS’ Model Management Tools

Simulation is used to examine proposed solutions
and their impact

Sensitivity analysis
 Determine how changes in one part of the model influence
other parts of the model

What-if analysis
 Manipulate variables to see what would happen in given
scenarios

Goal-seeking analysis
 Work backward from desired outcome
10
Determine monthly payment given various interest Works backward from a given monthly payment to
rates.
determine various loans that would give that payment.
Expert Systems Components




Knowledge base: database of the expertise, often in IF THEN rules.
Inference engine: derives recommendations from knowledge base and
problem-specific data
User interface: controls the dialog between the user and the system
Explanation system: Explain the how and why of recommendations
User
Domain
Expert
Expertise
Knowledge
Engineer
Encoded
expertise
Knowledge
base
Example of rules
User
Interface
Inference
Engine
Explanation
System
System
Engineer
IF
family is albatross AND
color is white
THEN
bird is laysan albatross.
IF
family is albatross AND
color is dark
THEN
bird is black footed albatross
- Knowledge engineer codify the human expert’s expertise into the systems’
knowledge base.
- System engineer is the IT professional who develop the user interface, the
inference engine, and the explanation system.
11
Hardware Technology
12
Summary Questions
Notes
1) Name five (3) computer input devices
2) Name three (3) computer output devices
3) What computer devices can be used for both input and
output?
4) What is the difference between: (a) a Kilobyte and a
Gigabyte? (b) a Megabyte and a Gigabyte?
5) Name the two main types of monitors used in today’s
computer systems.
6) (a) Name main components of the Processing subsystem.
(b) What is the function of the ALU?
7) Explain the difference between RAM and ROM.
8) Describe the various types of computers.
9) Distinguish between primary and secondary storage
13
Processing subsystem
Motherboard: chipset that all components connect to
 Two major components in processing subsys.



CPU (Central Processing Unit) or Processor(s)
Primary Storage:
 Random Access Memory (RAM)
 Read Only Memory (ROM)
CPU
Busses that
transfer data
Primary Storage
14
Central Processing Unit
Processor

Clock: generate time that
synchronize other components

ICU: Fetches instructions from
RAM

ALU: Execute instructions
(arithmetic & logic operations)

Registers: Store control
information, data, intermediate
results
Clock
Instruction
Control Unit
Arithmetic
Logic Unit
Registers
15
Primary Storage
 Computer’s memory stored on semiconductor chips
 Two categories:
 RAM (Random Access Memory) which is volatile
 Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDRAM)
 Double Data Rate SDRAM or DDR SDRAM
 ROM (Read-Only Memory) which is non-volatile
 Capacity in Megabytes (MB) or Gigabytes (GB)
Primary Storage
RAM
Program

RAM holds running programs
and the data they use

ROM contains critical
programs such as those that
boot the computer
Data
ROM
16
Front Side Bus and Northbridge
CPU
Front Side Bus
Northbridge
(Memory Controller)
RAM
AGP Video Card
PCI bus
Southbridge
(Memory Controller)
Real Time Clock
USB
Other devices
 FSB: bi-directional data bus carrying data b/w CPU and Northbridge
 FSB speed is measured in Hz; e.g. 800 MHz FSB
17
Terminology
Dot pitch
 Pixel
 Screen resolution

18

Make sure you can answer Hardware
Review Questions answered in class. They
are posted to the Review section of the
course website.
19
Software
20
Summary Questions
1) What are the two main types of software?
2)
What are the three types of systems software?
3) What are the main functions of an operating system?
4) (a) Name some Operating Systems. (b) Name some
Application software programs.
5) What does Multiprogramming mean? Virtual memory?
6) What are utility programs used for?
In addition, make sure you can answer Software Review
Questions answered in class. They are posted to the
Review section of the course website.
21
Relationship of software to hardware
22
Main Types of Software

Application software

Programs that allow users to accomplish specific tasks

Examples










Word processing
Web browser
Tax preparation
Data management
Desktop publishing
E-mail
Groupware
Presentation graphics
Programming editors
Spreadsheet
23
Operating Systems (OS)



Software platform on which other programs run
Provides a connection between application
programs and the computer hardware
Major tasks


Starting the computer
Managing files




Managing Programs and Memory (RAM)





Keeping track of where files are located
Maintaining a table of file entries
Etc.
Sending programs to the CPU
Allocating primary storage (RAM) to programs
Controlling devices that programs requires
Ensuring security
Providing a user interface
24
OS: Multiprogramming
25
OS: Virtual Memory
￭ A technique that “extends”
primary memory (RAM) by
using secondary storage
devices
￭ Needed when there is not
enough RAM to hold programs
26
Utility Software

Accomplish common tasks and
maintenance jobs








Disk Defragmentation, Disk Optimization
Virus protection
Edit the Windows registry
Remove Web cookies from HDD
Encrypt data
File and data recovery
Spyware
Program Uninstaller
27
Database Systems
28
Summary Questions
Notes
1) What is a table, a field, a record, a primary key, a composite
key?
2) What are the problems with traditional file systems?
3) What are the major components of a DBMS?
4) (a) Name some Desktop DBMSs. (b) Name some Enterprise
DBMSs.
5) What are the differences between Flat File and Relational
database models?
6) What are the steps for Database development?
In addition, make sure you can answer Hardware Review
Questions answered in class. They are posted to the
Review section of the course website.
29
Basic Concepts of Data Management
Accounts table






AccountID Customer
Type
Balance
660001
John Smith
Checking
$120.00
660002
Linda Martin
Saving
$9450.00
660003
Paul Graham
Checking
$3400.00
Each table has:



Fields
Records
1 Primary key
Table

Two-dimensional structure composed of rows and columns

Like a column in a spreadsheet


Like a column name in a spreadsheet
Examples: AccountID, Customer, Type, Balance

Actual data for the field

Set of fields that describe an entity (a person, an account, etc.)
Field
Field name
Field values
Record
Primary key

A field, or group of fields, that uniquely identifies a record
30
Basic Concepts in Data Management

A Primary key could be a single field like in this table

A Primary key could be a composite key, i.e. multiple fields
31