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J. Nguyen – Physical Science
46
Chapter 29 Standards
1a. Students know how the differences and
similarities among the sun, the terrestrial
planets, and the gas planets may have been
established during the formation of the solar
system.
1e. Students know the sun is a typical star and
is powered by nuclear reactions, primarily the
fusion of hydrogen to form helium.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
Chapter 29 – The Sun
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
I. 29.1 – STRUCTURE OF
THE SUN
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
A. Introduction to the Sun
1. The sun is a star which is a ball of gases that
gives off (produces) a tremendous amount of
energy.
2. The sun is the largest object in the solar system.
3. It has 333,000 times the mass of Earth.
4. The sun contains more than 99% of the mass in
the solar system.
5. Composition very similar to the gas planets.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
B. Scientists study the sun.
1. Scientists use a variety of instruments to study the
sun such as spectrographs, telescopes,
instruments on space crafts and satellites etc.
2. Spectroscopy is a technique of using spectral
lines to identify the composition, temperature or
density of the sun and other distant objects.
3. Dark lines that form in the spectra show what
elements are present in the gases of the star and
act as a “fingerprint” for each element.
Sun’s Spectra – dark lines are the sun’s elements
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
C. Composition of the Sun
1. Two most abundant elements of the sun’s mass are
hydrogen and helium.
a. Both hydrogen and helium make up 99% of the
sun’s mass.
b. Hydrogen alone makes up 75% of the sun’s mass.
c. Hydrogen’s nucleus contains one proton and one
neutron.
d. Helium’s nucleus contains two protons and two
neutrons.
2. Other chemical elements are present in small
amounts.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
D. Sun’s Energy
1. The sun’s tremendous heat and light make it
appear so bright.
2. Nuclear fusion releases huge amounts of energy
and produces most of the sun’s energy.
a. Nuclear fusion is the process of combining nuclei
of small atoms to form more-massive nuclei.
b. This process takes place in the sun’s core.
c. Nuclei of hydrogen atoms are the primary fuel for
the sun’s fusion.
d. Process changes hydrogen into helium.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
E. Three Steps of Nuclear Fusion
1. Two hydrogen nuclei (protons) collide and
fuse together. One proton becomes a
neutron resulting in a proton-neutron pair.
2. A third hydrogen proton combines with the
proton-neutron pair. This results in a nucleus
made of three subatomic particles: two
protons and one neutron.
3. Two nuclei, each made up of two protons and
one neutron, will eventually collide and fuse
together. After the fusion, two protons are
released.
a. The remaining two protons and two neutrons are
fused together and results in helium which
contains two protons and two neutrons in its
nucleus.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
Color the picture.
Three Steps of Nuclear Fusion
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
F. Importance of Nuclear Fusion in the Sun
1. During each step of the reaction, energy is
released which causes the sun to shine and to
have a high temperature.
2. Begins with hydrogen and results in helium.
3. Helium has less mass than the heavier hydrogen
that formed it. The lost mass is converted into
energy during fusion reactions.
4. Nuclear fusion also occurs in other stars with
elements other than hydrogen and helium.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
G. The sun’s interior has three main layers.
1. The Core
a. At the center of the sun.
b. Makes up 10% of the sun’s total diameter of
1,300,000km.
c. Temperature is about 15,000,000°C and is
made up of dense gas.
d. Most common nuclear reaction is fusion of
hydrogen into helium.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
2. The Radiative Zone
a. Zone that surrounds the core.
b. Temperature in this zone ranges from
2,000,000°C to 7,000,000°C.
c. Energy in this layer moves outward in the form of
electromagnetic waves, or radiation.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
3. The Convective Zone
a. Zone that surrounds the radiative zone.
b. Has a temperature of about 1,000,000°C.
c. Energy from the sun’s core moves through this
zone by convection.
d. Convection is the transfer of energy by moving
liquids or gases.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
H. The sun’s atmosphere has three main layers.
1. The Photosphere
a. Also known as the light sphere or “sphere of light.”
Referred to as the sun’s surface because this layer
is the visible surface of the sun.
b. Temperature in this zone is about 6,000°C.
c. Energy is given off in the form of visible light.
d. Has dark spots (Sunspots) which are cooled areas
of the sun.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
2. The Chromosphere
a. Thin layer of gases found above the photosphere
and is also known as the color sphere.
b. Layer of gases seems to glow with a reddish light.
c. Temperature ranges from 4,000°C to 50,000°C.
d. Gases of chromosphere move away from and toward
the photosphere and sometime form jets.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
3. The Corona or Crown
a. Outermost layer of sun that blends into space.
b. Huge cloud of gas heated by the sun’s magnetic
field.
c. Temperature of about 2,000,000°C.
corona
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
Layers of the Sun
Color and label the picture.
Chromosphere
Sun’s
atmosphere
Photosphere
Corona
Convective Zone
Radiative Zone
Core
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
Sun’s interior
I. Other information about the layers of the sun.
1. Each layer blends gradually into the next.
2. Gaseous throughout the layers due to the high
temperature at the core.
3. The enormous pressure and heat of the sun
change the structure of the atoms within the core.
4. Both the chromosphere and corona are normally
not seen from Earth because of the brightness of
the blue sky during the day.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
J. Solar Wind
1. Atomic particles from the sun’s surface are
generally prevented from escaping into
space by the corona.
2. Some particles can escape into space
through some holes in the corona.
3. These escaped particles are called solar
wind.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science


Write 15 questions for this section.
Highlight key words and phrases.

J. Nguyen – Physical Science
Draw a picture.
Summary (one paragraph) – Page 3
The sun is a [star/planet]. The two most abundant
elements in the sun are ____________ and
___________. Nuclear fusion in the sun changes
hydrogen to ___________. This process releases
a lot of _________ which gives the sun its high
temperature. The three layers of the sun’s interior
are _________, ___________, and ___________.
The three layers of the sun’s atmosphere are
___________, ____________, and ___________.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
II. 29.2 – SOLAR ACTIVITY
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
A. Activities of the Sun
1.The gases that make up the inner zones and
the atmosphere of the sun are in constant
motion.
2.Parts of the sun rotate at different speeds.
a. Points closest to the sun’s equator take only
23.5 days to make one rotation.
b. Points near the poles take 33 Earth days.
c. Astronomers calculate the average of the sun’s
rotation to be 27 Earth days.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
B. Sunspots
1. The up and down movement of gases within the
sun’s convective zone along with the movement of
the sun’s rotation results in magnetic fields.
2. The magnetic fields slow down convection and cause
the sun to have cooler areas that can be up to
3,000°C cooler than surrounding regions.
3. These cooler areas of the sun appear darker than the
warmer areas that surround them.
4. Cool, dark areas of gas within the photosphere that
are caused by powerful magnetic fields are called
sunspots.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
C. Prominences
1. The sun’s magnetic field also causes other
disturbances in the solar atmosphere.
2. Prominences are great clouds of glowing
gases that form huge arches that reach high
above the sun’s surface.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
D. Solar Flares
1. Another disturbance caused by the sun’s
magnetic field are solar flares.
2. Solar flare is a sudden outward eruption of
electrically charged atomic particles.
3. Usually occur near sunspots.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
E. Magnetic Storms
1. Solar flares can combine with solar wind to
cause magnetic storms on Earth.
2. They disrupt the magnetic field of Earth.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
F. Auroras
1. Magnetic storms can cause auroras to form
in the earth’s sky.
2. Auroras are sheets of colored light produced
by a magnetic storm in the Earth’s upper
atmosphere.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science


Write 5 questions for this section.
You should have a total of 20 questions.

Highlight key words and phrases.

J. Nguyen – Physical Science
Draw a picture.
Summary (one paragraph) – Page 4
Sunspots are _____________________________.
Sunspots are [cooler/warmer] than the surrounding
area. Prominences are _____________________.
Solar flares are ___________________________.
Magnetic storms are caused by the combination of
_________________ and _________________.
Auroras are _______________________.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
Notes Points
Name __________________________________ Period _______
Points
Earned
Chapter 29 Notes
Highlight Key Words/Phrases
Points
Possible
2
Copy Notes: pictures + color + label
20
Questions: 20 questions + arrows
10
Summary: 2 paragraph(s)
10
Drawings: 2 drawing(s)
4
TOTAL
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
46