Transcript ITI-481: Unix Administration

ITI-481 – UNIX ADMIN
Chris Uriarte, Instructor
ITI-481: Unix Administration
Rutgers University Internet Institute
Instructor: Chris Uriarte
<[email protected]>
Class Meeting 1
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ITI-481 – UNIX ADMIN
Chris Uriarte, Instructor
Meeting Times and Locations
Per Syllabus
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ITI-481 – UNIX ADMIN
Chris Uriarte, Instructor
Prerequisites
• Either ITI-480 Unix Fundamentals or
equivalent user-level knowledge of
Unix.
• You MUST know how to use a UNIX
text editor (i.e. pico, vi, emacs)
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ITI-481 – UNIX ADMIN
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Course Overview and Goals
• The purpose of this course is to teach you
how to install a UNIX operating system and
perform system administration activities in a
hands-on environment.
• The course objective will be achieved through
a combination of lecture, demonstrations, and
hands-on exercises.
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Major Topics
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Installing UNIX and Linux
X-Window Configuration
Installing Software
Account Management
Booting and Shutting Down
Network Configuration
Core System Services
System Monitoring and Logging
File System Administration
Configuring Specific Services: NIS, SSH, Sendmail,Telnet, FTP,
Printing
• Securing your Server
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Course Resources
• Textbook: To be announced
• Instructor Website at
http://www.cju.com/classes/ (see link to
ITI 481 at bottom of page)
• Workstation where each of you will
install a copy of Linux.
• User account on Linux server
iti.rutgers.edu.
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Today’s Agenda
• Introduction to UNIX, UNIX distributions
and some background concepts.
• Installing Linux on your own
workstation.
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What is UNIX
• UNIX is an operating system that originated
at Bell Labs (NJ) in 1969.
• UNIX is actually a trademark, but often used
as a generic term to describe “UNIX-like”
operating systems.
• There are numerous different flavors of UNIX
– all of which utilize similar UNIX operating
system concepts, but may have different
features or run on different hardware.
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The UNIX Umbrella
Hardware Vendors
Linux Distributions
Sun Solaris, HP HP-UX*,
Compaq True 64 UNIX*, IBM
AIX*, IRIX*, MAC OSX*
RedHat, Mandrake†,
SuSe, Debian, Caldera,
Yellowdog†
FreeBSD, BSDI*,
NetBSD OpenBSD
SCO UNIX (now
Caldera/Tarantula)
BSD Flavors
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* = Commercial distribution (i.e
you must pay for it)
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Other
= Derivative of RedHat
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Popularity vs. Maturity
Popular
Sun Solaris
RedHat
Linux / Linux
Mandrake
Debian
Linux
FreeBSD /
NetBSD /
OpenBSD,
etc.
HP-UX
Caldera
Linux
SuSe
AIX
Darwin (Mac
OSX)
Compaq
True 64
UNIX
SCO UNIX
Irix
Mature
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What makes UNIX Unique?
• UNIX is a multi-user, time-sharing
operating system: every user gets a
piece of the CPU.
• UNIX flavors generally adhere to some
types of standards (I.e. POSIX)
• UNIX standards allow for portability of
software across multiple UNIX
distributions.
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ITI-481 – UNIX ADMIN
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What is Linux?
• A Unix-like operating system initially
developed in the early 1990s by Linus
Torvold.
• Initially developed to run on PC hardware but
has been ported to other architectures as
well.
• Distributed under a GNU General Public
License – “free” software.
• Kernel is its distinguishing feature.
• Generally packaged in various distributions.
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Linux Distributions
• Vary according to included software packages,
package management systems, installation process,
and Window Managers.
• Distributions
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Red Hat Linux
Caldera OpenLInux
Linux Mandrake
Corel Linux
SuSE Linux
TurboLinux
Debian GNU/Linux
Slackware
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Why Linux?
• Linux has matured greatly over the past 5 years and has
positioned itself as the most flexible UNIX distribution today.
• It can be run on very low-end, generally available hardware.
• Lots of software available.
• Flexible – the same Linux distribution used by a hobbyist on low
end hardware can be used by an enterprise on high-end
hardware.
• It’s the first UNIX flavor to hit retail store shelves and is easily
obtainable across the world.
• Administration skill sets transfer easily to and from other UNIX
flavors.
• It’s free!
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Planning for Your Linux System
• Is your hardware supported?
• Will it be a workstation or a server?
• Are there special services that you want
to run (web server, email server, DNS
server, etc.)
• Will you need to store user and/or
application data?
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Checking Hardware Compatibility
• It’s very important that you make sure you
hardware is fully supported by your UNIX
distribution.
• Hardware Compatibility Lists (HCLs) contain
the hardware supported by your OS vendor.
They can be obtained at the vendor’s
website.
• Therefore, it’s good to know some specifics
about the hardware you’re using: amount of
system RAM, brand of video card, brand of
NIC brand of sound card, etc.
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Hardware Compatibility, con’t.
• Some particularly good things to know about
your hardware:
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Video card: brand and chipset
Hard drive: total amount of hard drive space
Sound card: brand and model of sound card
Network Card: brand and model of NIC
• Some vendors have searchable hardware
compatibility database
– RedHat:
http://www.redhat.com/support/hardware/
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Disk Partitioning
• Disk Partitioning is the concept of dividing
your hard disk into logical partiations, making
one hard drive appear as if it’s actually
multiple drives.
• There’s several reasons why we partition
disks:
– Performance
– Ease of storage management
– Security
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UNIX Disk Partitioning
• In UNIX, a physical disk partition is
associated with a directory path, sometimes
referred to as a mount point.
• All files that are in directories associated with
a mount point are stored on the mount point’s
physical partition.
• If a directory path is not explicitly associated
with a physical disk partition, its files are
stored under the root ( “/” ) partition.
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UNIX Partition Example
Example Partitioning
Scheme:
[HARD DRIVE]
Total Hard Drive
Space: 8GB
Contains all files under
the /usr directory (I.e.
/usr/local/bin/pico,
/usr/bin/vi, etc.)
/usr
2GB
/home
/ (root)
Contains all other files
and directors, such as
/var, /opt, /sbin, etc.
4GB
1.5GB
Contains all files under
the /home directors (I.e.
/home/chrisjur,
/home/iti1234)
s
w
a
p
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Chris Uriarte, Instructor
Partition Naming
• In UNIX, the system gives each partition a special device
name.
• In Linux, standard IDE hard drives are named /dev/hdx,
where x is a unique letter given to identify the hard drive,
starting with the letter a (e.g. /dev/hda)
– For example, the first hard drive on the system is
called /dev/hda.
• Partitions are given a name with the format /dev/hdx# ,
where /dev/hdx is the hard drive the partition is on, and
# is a uniquely assigned partition number, starting with 1
(e.g. /dev/hda1).
– For example, the first partition on the first hard drive on
the system is called /dev/hda1.
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Figuring out Your Partitions
• You will have to partition your disk during a
typical UNIX installation.
• Common partitions include:
/ (called ‘root’), /usr, /home, /var
• Typical uses for specific UNIX partitions:
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/usr – software packages
/home – user home directories
/var – log files and configuration files
/opt – software package and application installed
(esp. on Solaris)
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What do you need to Install UNIX?
• At minimum, you need a CD media
containing the UNIX distribution.
• You may be able to set your computer to boot
directly from the CD-ROM, which will start the
install program.
• If your computer cannot boot directly from the
CD-ROM, you must create a boot floppy disk,
which will boot the computer and load the
installation program from CD-ROM.
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Exercise: Installing Linux On Your
Workstations
• Refer to the distributed instructions.
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Note: Linux and Other Operating
Systems on a Single PC
• Yes, Linux can run on a PC that is running one or more other
operating systems. However, there are a number of caveats:
– Linux needs to be installed after Microsoft operating systems.
– You need to have unused partitions on your existing PC hard drive
to install Linux.
– Linux needs to be installed on one or more of its own partitions.
The kernel needs to be on a primary partition.
– Multi-booting is not recommended for servers.
• Recommendation: If you really want to dual-boot Linux with
another operating system, use a commercial software package
like PartitionMagic and BootMagic (by PowerQuest)
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Homework
• Homework this week:
– As noted in class
• Next week:
– Introduction to the X-Windows system
– Software installation
– Booting and Shutdown
– Emergency boot procedures
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