Transcript Part I: Introduction - Michigan Technological University

Unix Introduction
A little history
 Manual – man pages
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1969, New Jersey
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1969 AT&T Lab
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AT&T out of Multics project
OS hackers floating in a void: Ken Thomson,
Dennis Ritchie, J.F. Ossanna and M. D. McIlroy
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Ken’s cool file system
Unix on PDP-7
 Use it in the patent writing department
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Use C to rewrite portable OS to PDP-11
 Ken mailed magnetic tapes with the Unix source code
and utilities to his friends
 mid 1970s, professor in Australia’s teach UNIX using
the source codes
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New Jersey
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AT&T Bell Lab
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Unix versions
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V1
V4
V6
V7
1971
1973
1975 * 1.xBSD was derived from this version
1979 last true Unix
Unix license
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Berkeley
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Late 1970’s UC Berkeley
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A licensee of the Unix source code
1976-1977 Ken Thompson took sabbatical to
teach in UCB
Use UNIX extensively for research projects
Berkeley Systems Distribution (BSD)
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TCP/IP and the socket model for network
programming
BSD source code is available publicly
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Berkeley
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Bell Labs notices that their source code was
practically being given away
Two lawsuits
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Bell lab sued Computer System Research Group
(CSRG) for BSD
UC Berkeley sued various companies for not giving
credit to UCB.
The development of last BSD distribution 4.4
BSD
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Unencumbered and the only legal release of BSD
Many modern operating system are based on 4.4BSD
 FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD and BSDI
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GNU project
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MIT - Richard Stallman
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Find a way to preserve the freedom
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Portable
Licensed in such as way that it would always be the
property of free development community
GNU project ( GNU’s Not Unix) begins in 1983
GPL (GNU General Public License)
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EMACS, GDB, GCC, … utilities
Linux Torvald filled the last gap the kernel.
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Unix History
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1969 The beginning in AT&T Bell Labs
1975 Version 6
1977
1984
1985
1993
Berkeley BSD, derived from V6
BSD 4.2
BSD 4.3
BSD 4.4
1979 Version 7
1982 Unix Support Group ( Unix System
Laboratories) System III
1983 System V
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Unix History
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UNIX “standard” operating system?
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http://www.levenez.com/unix/
http://www.unix.org/what_is_unix/history_tim
eline.html
Book "Life with Unix" by Don Libes and Sandy
Ressler
Unix varieties: mixture feature of
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BSD version
System V
Vendor specific extension
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Unix Versions
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Some Unix versions:
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SCO UNIX
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Sun OS
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System V variant + features of OSF/1
Digital Unix/Tru64 Unix
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Sun’s System V.4 implementation
HP-UX
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Best known BSD-based operating System, NFS
Solaris
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Implementation of System V.3.2.5, Runs on PC
OSF/1 implementation
AIX
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IBM’s system V-based operating system
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1991, Finland
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Linus Torvalds, a student
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Minix: a teaching tool
Insufficiencies if Minix
In ablility of get a free modem line
Wrote the kernel in C with his colleague
and posted on the net under GPL
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Linux
Free UNIX-like operating system for all
sort of platforms
 BSD-like
 Written from scratch
 Kernel was written by Linus Torvalds
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Linux Distributions
Red Hat Enterprise
 CentOS
 Fedora
 Debian
 Ubuntu
 Gentoo
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Oracle Enterprise
Linux
 SUSE Linux
Enterprise
 OpenSUSE
 Slackware
See
www.linux.org/dist
for more
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What we use in this lab
Fedora 15
 Oracle Solaris 10
 Windows
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Manuals
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Unix has two types
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Man pages
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Individual commands
Routines/functions
Files
Supplemental documents
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Printed
online from Internet
DVD/CDROM
RFCs (Request for Comments) for protocols,
standards used on the Internet
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Manuals
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Organization of the man pages
Solaris Linu
/HP-UX x
Contents
1
1
User-level commands and applications
2
2
System calls and kernel error codes
3
3
Library calls
4
5
Standard file formats
5
7
Miscellaneous files and documents
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6
Games and demonstrations
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4
Device drivers and network protocols
1m
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System administration commands
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9
Obscure kernel specs and interfaces
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Manuals
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Man pages are kept
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Under /usr/man/man# or
/usr/share/man/man#
Format (troff, SGML)
Compressed (compress or gzip)
read manual pages: man
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$man title
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Example: $man ls
$man section title
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Example: $man 4 tty
Solaris Example: $man –s 4 tty
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Manuals
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More about reading manual pages: man
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MANPATH
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/etc/man.config
Add new man pages besides the system ones.
Example:
MANPATH=/home/share/localman:/usr/share/man
export MANPATH
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Keyword search in synopsis
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Keyword database “whatis”
$man –k keyword
Example: $man –k mount
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Online Resource
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Fedora 13
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http://docs.fedoraproject.org/enUS/index.html
Solaris 10
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http://docs.sun.com/app/docs/prod/solaris.10?
l=en&a=view
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Join forums
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SAGE
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Solaris OS forum
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http://www.sage.org/
http://forums.sun.com/category.jspa?category
ID=65
Fedora forum
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http://fedoraforum.org/forum/
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Administrative GUI tools
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Administration tools
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Good
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Downside
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Quick start to system administration
Easy: combine several steps
Take more steps than typing the command directly
sometimes
Not all commands available through menu
Slow down the learning process
Do not help much in tracking down and fixing the problem
May not always be available when system breaks, remote
working…
In this class, manual configuration is strongly
encouraged.
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