Transcript Ch. 7 Windows NT/2000/XP Operating Systems

IT Essentials I v. 3
Module 6
Windows NT/2000 Operating Systems
© 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Module 6
Windows NT/2000 Operating Systems
6.1 – Windows 9x Contrasts
6.2 – System Tools
6.3 – Overview of the Installation Process
6.4 – Installing the Windows 2000 OS
6.5 – Special Installations
Windows 9x Contrasts
NTFS versus FAT
• Some of the biggest differences between operating
systems are the Windows NT File System (NTFS) and
File Allocation Table (FAT) file systems.
• Files are stored in clusters.
• The size of the clusters is determined by the size of
the partitions made on the hard disk.
NTFS versus FAT
• The FAT32 file system was
designed to support hard
drives up to 2048 GB.
• The FAT32 file system also
solved the problem of limited
cluster size as well.
• This shows the utilization of
disk space with different
cluster sizes.
• This combined with the ability
to recognize partitions larger
than 2 GB made the FAT32
file system an obvious
evolution of the DOS file
system.
NTFS versus FAT
• The Windows NT File System
(NTFS) was designed with the
idea that the file system needs
to be capable of managing
global and enterprise level
operating systems.
• NTFS supports all Windows
NT/2000/XP operating systems.
• With NTFS, share rights can
also be set that operate on
shared folders in combination
with file and folder permissions.
• FAT only supports share rights.
NTFS versus FAT
• The NTFS file system was
designed so that it will be able to
map disks up to sizes that will not
even be seen in the next 20 years.
• High Performance File System
(HPFS) is a seldom used and
much more obscure type of file
system.
• The OS/2 software that uses this
file system is still in use today.
• HPFS used physical sectors.
Overall system performance
increased as a result of this file
system but it lacked the necessary
tools and security that NTFS
would provide.
Security and Permissions
• File and directory permissions
are used to specify which
users and groups can gain
access to files and folders and
what they can do with the
contents of the file or folder.
• Assigning permissions on files
and directories is a means of
providing security.
Security and Permissions
• Access Control List (ACL) is a tool that provides the
administrator with a list of files that a user has access to
as well as the type of access that they have been
granted. For every file and folder in an NTFS volume
there is an ACL.
• Another security feature included with the Windows
2000/XP operating systems is encryption.
• This provides administrators with the means to apply
encryption to a file or folder that only the person who
encrypted the file can view.
• Microsoft has included a compression tool that
enables space to be saved by compressing files and
folders.
Windows 2000 Boot Process
• The boot process for
Windows 2000 is different
from Windows 9x.
• The Windows 2000 boot
process occurs in five stages:
– The preboot sequence
– The boot sequence
– The kernel load
– The kernel initialization
– The logon process
Plug-and-Play and Drivers
• The goal of plug-and-play is to create a computer
whose hardware and software work together to
automatically configure devices and assign
resources, while allowing for hardware changes and
additions without the need for large-scale resource
assignment tweaking.
• Device drivers are programs that tell the operating
system how to control specific devices.
• They act as an interface between the operating
system and the device, which allows them to
recognize and communicate with each other.
System Tools
Administrative Tools
• The Administrative Tools utility is a powerful Windows
NT/2000/XP System Tool that enables the
administrator to control just about everything related
to the local computer.
• From this utility, permission to log on to the computer
can be controlled by creating Local User accounts.
• In the Windows 9x environment there is no such thing
as a local user. Anyone who turns on the computer
will have access to it.
• There is no way to keep track of who is using the
computer or who is allowed to use the computer.
Administrative Tools
• The Disk Management
utility allows the
administrator to control and
manipulate the computer
hard drives.
• There are two types of disks
that are available in
Windows 2000 and XP,
basic disks and dynamic
disks.
Administrative Tools
• A basic disk is a physical
disk that contains primary
partitions, extended
partitions, or logical drives.
• A basic disk can contain up
to four primary partitions, or
up to three primary
partitions and one extended
partition, for a maximum of
four partitions.
Administrative Tools
• One of the main reasons to have a disk management
tool is to use multidisk volumes.
• When using Dynamic Disk Storage, multidisk
volumes are referred to as hard disk space.
• This is because the hard drives are no longer dealt
with as if they were one complete disk divided by
partitions, but rather as multidisk volumes.
Administrative Tools
• This shows the process of
upgrading a basic disk to a
dynamic disk
– Open the Computer
Management screen as
shown
– Expand the Storage
folder and select Disk
Management
Administrative Tools
• Right-click on disk that need to be upgraded
• The Upgrade to Dynamic Disk window displays as
shown.
• Select the disk to upgrade as shown.
Administrative Tools
• Press Upgrade.
• Press OK to reboot and complete the dynamic disk
upgrade.
• Once the system has rebooted, go to the Computer
Management screen to confirm that the disk has
been upgraded.
Administrative Tools
• There are close to 40
security options that are
available to increase the
effective security on a
computer.
• One option is to set the
number of days to prompt
the user to change their
password.
• Double-click on Prompt
User to change password
before expire.
Windows 2000 Registry
• The purpose of the registry is as a database of
configuration settings in Windows 95/98/NT/2000. T
• The main component of the registry is the hardware
installed on the computer.
• It is also includes device drivers, installed
applications, and network adapter card settings.
• The registry contains a vast amount of data and is
critical to how the system operates.
• There are six main components that access the
registry and store data:
– Device drivers, Setup programs , Setup programs, Windows
NT kernel, NTDETECT.COM, Hardware profile
Windows 2000 Registry
• Navigating and editing the
registry can be done
manually using the
REGEDT32.EXE.
• When this command is
typed an interface will be
displayed that will have the
registry subtrees window
allowing a search through
all of the registry values.
Windows 2000 Registry
• HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG
– Contains data on the active
hardware profile that is
selected during the boot
process. This information is
used to configure settings
such as the device drivers to
load and the display
resolution to use.
• HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT –
Contains software
configuration data of all the
software that is installed on
the computer.
Windows 2000 Registry
• HKEY_CURRENT_USER –
Contains data about the current
user that is logged into the
computer. Retrieves a copy of
each user account that is used
to log on to the computer and
stores it in the registry.
• HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE –
Contains all configuration data
for the local computer, including
hardware and operating system
data such as bus type, system
memory, device drivers, and
startup control data.
Startup Menu and Safe Mode
• One advanced startup feature
that is available for
troubleshooting purposes is
Safe Mode startup.
• If the computer will not start
normally, use the Safe Mode
advanced startup option.
• Enter Safe Mode by pressing
the F8 key during the
operating system selection
phase.
• This will display a screen with
advanced options for booting
Windows 2000.
The ERD and Recovery
Console for Windows 2000
• The emergency repair disk
(ERD) allows the
reinstallation of any service
packs that were loaded
since the original
installation as well as copy
files from the CD-ROM of
the corrupted files on the
hard disk.
The ERD and Recovery
Console for Windows 2000
• The Windows 2000 Recovery Console is a command
line interface that can be used to perform a variety of
troubleshooting and recovery tasks:
– starting and stopping services
– reading and writing data on a local drive (including
drives that are formatted with the NTFS file
system)
– formatting hard disks.
• Once the Recovery Console is started, the
commands from the command line can be used to
remove, replace, or copy corrupt files.
Overview of the Installation Process
Differences Between
Windows 2000 and 9x installation
• The installation process of
Windows 9x and 2000 are
different.
• These differences are because
of the added security and file
system feature that is present
in the Windows 2000 operating
system.
Hardware Requirements
• Windows 2000 is a much more
robust operating system and has
many more features than the 9x
operating system.
• When installing one of the 9x
operating systems, the hard drive
must be partitioned with either the
fdisk.exe utility or with a third party
utility like Partition Magic.
• Windows 2000 provides an easy
way to prepare the hard drive for
OS installation.
• The administrator can take an
unformatted, unpartitioned hard
drive and begin installing Windows
2000.
Hardware Requirements
• Device drivers play an important role in any operating
system whether it is Windows 9x or 2000.
• If the computer does not have the proper device
drivers, the system will not run or sometimes will not
even boot up.
• The main advantage that Windows 2000 has, when
compared with Windows 9x, is the Hardware
Abstraction Layer (HAL). The HAL is a library of
hardware drivers that operate between the operating
system and hardware that is installed on the system.
• The HAL enables Windows 2000 to work with many
different types of processors from different
manufactures.
Windows 2000 Features
• One option when installing
Windows 2000 is whether to
add the computer to a domain
or workgroup.
• If the computer is to be added
to the domain, an account will
have to be made for the
computer in the domain.
• Another important feature to
keep in mind when doing
Windows 2000 installations is
the Client Access License
(CAL).
Installing the Windows 2000 OS
Requirements for Installing Windows 2000
• Microsoft has a tool call the
Hardware Compatibility List
(HCL) that can be used
before installing Windows
2000 to verify that the
hardware will actually work
with Windows 2000.
• HCL can be viewed by
opening the HCL.TXT file in
the Support folder on the
Windows 2000 Professional
CD-ROM.
Understanding the Steps in
Windows 2000 Installation
• There are four main steps in
the Windows 2000 installation
process.
• The first step of the installation
process begins by preparing
the hard drive for the other
stages of installation by
copying the files that are
needed to run the setup
wizard.
• The Setup Wizard begins the
installation process and
installs the security features
and configures the system
devices.
Understanding the Steps in
Windows 2000 Installation
• After gathering information
about the computer, the
Windows 2000 setup program
automatically installs the
network software.
• Once the networking
components have been
installed, the Setup wizard
copies additional files to
configure Windows 2000
Professional.
• The Setup program continues
with the last step in the
installation process.
Windows 2000 Setup Options
• The Portable installation
installs the options that might
be needed with a portable
computer.
• The Compact installation is
used when installing
Windows 2000 on a
computer with a limited
amount of hard drive space.
• The Custom installation is
used if customized selections
for the device configurations
are needed.
Special Installations
Upgrading from Windows
NT Workstation 4 to Windows 2000
• While doing the upgrade, computers that are still
waiting for their upgrade and are running Windows
NT 4.0 will be able to connect and communicate with
the Windows 2000 computers.
• During the upgrade process the Windows 2000 setup
utility will replace the existing files with Windows
2000 files.
• It should be verified that the computers meet the
hardware compatibility requirements in order to
upgrade directly to Windows 2000.
• Cover the 11 step upgrade process.
Upgrading Windows 9x with Windows 2000
• The process for upgrading
Windows 9x to Windows
2000 is similar to the
process of upgrading
Windows NT 4.0 to 2000.
• The hardware compatibility
list tool should be used to
make sure the computers
that are to be upgraded will
work with the Windows
2000 operating system.
Dual Boot Windows 9x/
Windows NT 4/Windows2000
• Windows 2000 can be set up to
dual boot with Windows 98
operating systems.
• To dual boot the system, do a
fresh install of Windows 98 before
installing Windows 2000.
• If the system is set up as dual
boot, none of the applications that
are installed in the other operating
system partition can be used.
• Microsoft recommends that if the
computer is set up to dual boot
with Windows 98 and 2000, both
partitions be formatted with the
FAT file system.