Transcript XI_1_Computer Overview_C++

Chapter: 2:XI_C++
Working with operating system
An operating system has two parts.
1.Kernel
2.shell
The kernel is responsible for interacting with hardware
.
Shell is responsible for interacting with user.
It acts as the command interpreter which takes the
commands from the user, interprets then and takes action
accordingly
icon: Icon is a graphic symbol representing a window
element.
 Directory or Folder: Storage locations that store or group
of files under them are known as directories.
File: A file is a collection of logically related information.
 File save as a name .file extension
There are two type of File.
 Primary file name: A primary file name consists of one to
eight(1-8) characters in length.
 Secondary File name(Also called Extension): a file
extension consists of a period followed by zero to
three(0-3) characters. It is an optional.
exe specifies executable file
 .bat specifies Basic program file
 .PAS specifies Pascal file
Path: A path is a sequence of directory names which give
hierarchy to access a particular directory or file name.
Pathname: The full name of a file or directory.
for Example:
C:\>x\y
 Root (current or working) Directory: The first level
in a multilevel directory system . It is a denoted by
backslash(\).
A directory can have as many child(syb) directories, but a
child directory can have only one parent directory, it
cannot have more one parent directories.
Wild card: It give flexibility in specifying
paths and files.
 There are two types of wild card.
 Question mark(?): A question mark in
a filename or file name extension means that any
one or none character can occupy that position.
 For Example:
Memo?.doc would represent
Memo.doc
 Memo3.doc
 Memo7.doc
A??.exe means A followed by any two or less characters and
extension.exe
Asterisk(*): The *(Asterisk) replace any number of
characters.
A*.exe will list
Ab.exe,
Abc.exe,
Ans.exe,
Answer.exe
*.* Can be used for referring all file with any primary name
and any extension.
 B*.* will list all files starting with B
 Bc.exe
 Batch.dat
 Bat.dat
1.Introduction
2.Types of Software
2.1.System software
2.2.Application software
The proficiency, versatility and processing speed
of desktop computers have advanced to such an
extent that any type of information and data
processing is like a child’s play to the machines
which are now available.
Over the years , professional programmers have
come out with incredible software and programs to
enable our desktop computer to perform almost
any type of task.
This chapter is dedicated to the “ computer
software ” that played a very important role
in making computers a household name.
Hardware represents the physical and
tangible components of the computer i.e. , the
components that can be seen and touched.
=>Software represents the set of programs
that govern the operation of the computer
system and make hardware run. Software
broadly classified into two categories.
1.System software
2.Application software
The software that controls
internal computer operations is called System
Software.
The system software can further be classified
into two categories:
1.Operating System
2.Language Processor
1.Operating System: An Operating System is
a program which acts as an interface between
use and the hardware.
1.Single Program OS. As the name suggests , this OS is single user
operating system , so only one user program can be supported and
executed by it at any point.
2.MultiProgram OS. It supports multiprogramming.i.e., more than
one user can be supported by it, therefore ,more than one user
programs are loaded and active in the main store at he same time.
3.Time Sharing OS. This OS uses the time sharing technique. Each
active user program is given a fair share of CPU time(δ),if the time
elapses or an I/O operation is requested, CPU shifts over to the next
jobs waiting and the previous program
4.Real Time os: The jobs have fixed deadlines and the jobs have to be
completed within their deadlines. the system performance is
measured by its ability to complete its jobs within specified deadlines.
If a job cannot be complete within its deadline, its situation is called
deadline overrun.
5. Multiprocessing os: The Multiprocessing os is capable of handling
more than one processors as the have to be executed on more than
one processor(CPU)
Assembler: It translates(converts) the assembly language
program into an equivalent machine language program.
Compiler: It Translate(convert) the Entire HLL
program into machine language program in one go,
and reports all errors of the program along with the
line numbers.
Interpreter: It Translate(convert) the HLL program
into machine language program line by line.
It is a set of programs necessary to carry out operations
for a specified application.
1.Package
2.Utilities
3.Customised software
Word
processing package: Word
processing package is a package that
processes
textual(compossion)
matter and creates organized and
flawless(Error
free)
documents.
Example: Word,Wordstar,softword.
.
Electronic
Spreadsheets: An Electronic
spreadsheet is a program that accepts
data in a tabular form( in rows and
columns)
and
allows
to
manipulate/calculate/analyze data in the
desired manner.
 Examples: Exel,Lotus1-2-3 etc.
 Database Management system (DBMS): It
is a package that can handle and manage
bulk of stored data.
 Desktop Publishing Packages: The
software that handles page layout by
combining the functions of a
traditional typesetter and a layout
artist, is known as desktop publishing
software.
 Graphics Software: The application
software that manipulates images is
known as graphic software.
multimedia
software:
the
software the incorporates images ,
text, sound, computer animation,
and video sequences is known as
multimedia software.
 Presentation Graphic software:
The application software that can
create professional looking visual
aids.
Utilities: Utilities are those application programs that assist
that the computer by performing housekeeping functions like
backing up disk or scanning/cleaning viruses or arranging
information etc.
 Text Editor: It is used for creating, editing text files.
It supports special commands for text editing i.e., You can insert,
delete, find, replace characters, lines and paragraphs etc.
 Backup Utility: This utility program facilitates the backing up of
disk.
 Back-up means duplicating the disk information so that in case
of any damage or data-loss, this back up data may be used.
 Compression Utility: This utility program facilitates
compression of files.
Large files can be compression so that they take less storage area.
 When needed ,these compressed files can be exploded back to
their original form.
 Disk Defragmenter: This utility program attempts to minimize the
fragmentation on your disk .
 A file is fragmented when it becomes too large for your computer
to store in a single location on a disk.
Antivirus Software: It ensures virus –free work
environment.
 A computer virus is a program that can inject other
computer programs by modifying them in such a way as to
include a copy of itself.
Need For Operating System
To make computer system convenient to use
To use computer hardware in an efficient
manner
It decides
How to do?
What to do?
When to do?
=> Types of services provided by OS :
(i). Program execution: It is responsible for executing
various programs whether user programs or system
programs.
(ii). Handling Input/output operation: It is responsible
for Handling various Inputand various output in the
appropriate manner.
(iii). Manipulation of file system: It is responsible for
making of decisions regarding the storage of file.
(iv). Error Detecting and Handling : It is also
responsible for detecting any type of errors that occurs
and then properly handling it
(v).Resource Allocation: It is responsible for proper use
of resources available.
(vi). Accounting: It keeps an account of what type of
functioning is taking place and what type of errors have
occurred.
(viii). Information and Resource Protection: It is
responsible for ensuring that the information and resources
available on machine are used in the correct way
=>Functions of an Operating System
An operating system has variety of functions to perform. It
divided into three types:
(i). Processor Management: This deals with management
of the Central Processing Unit (CPU). The operating system
takes care of the allotment of CPU time to different
processes. This is called scheduling.
=> Throughput: It is the amount of work accomplished in
a given time interval.
=>Priority Scheduling: Each task is given CPU time
according to the priority assigned to that task. The program
with higher priority will be given CPU time before a
program with lower priority. The CPU executes the task till
it is completed or there is some interrupt request i.e. till the
time operating system has to stop (interrupt) the current
task due to an unavoidable job request.
=> There are two types of scheduling technique.
(i). Non-Preemptive scheduling.
(ii). Preemptive scheduling.
=>Non-Preemptive scheduling: A scheduled job always
completes before another scheduling decision is made.
=>It is divided into three types:
(a). First Come First Serve(FCFS) Scheduling.
(b). Shortest Job Next(SJN) Scheduling.
(c). Deadline Scheduling.
=> First Come First Served Scheduling: It work on the
basis of FCFO. The process, which requests the CPU First,
is allocated the CPU first. A query is maintained called
ready queue in which all the process , that want cpu time
are entered.
=>Shortest Job Next(SJN) scheduling: Whenever a new
job is to be admitted , the shortest of the arrived job is
selected and given the cpu time. Throughput remain the
same as in FCFS but waiting time improved.
=> Deadline Scheduling: a Deadline of a job is the
time limit within a job must be over. If a job overshoots
its deadline, it is said to be Deadline Over Run.
=> Deadline Over Run(K) = C-D
Where C is job completion time
D is Deadline for a job
=> Preemptive Scheduling: A scheduling decision
can be made even while the job is executing whereas in
Non-Preemptive scheduling , a scheduling decision is
made only after job completes it execution. => It is
Divided into two types
(i). Round Robin Scheduling.
(ii). Response Ratio Scheduling.
=>Round Robin Scheduling: This type of
scheduling technique is also known as Time
Sharing Scheduling. In this, each program or
task is given a fixed amount of time to execute.
The CPU continues with the execution till
either the allotted time is over or there is some
interrupt request or the task is completed
before the allotted time. If the task is not
completed at the end of the allotted time, it is
put at the end of the queue. So each task gets
its allotted share of CPU time. This scheduling
technique improves the response time and
provides an interactive environment.
=> Response Ratio Scheduling:
Elapsed Time
Response Ratio=
Execution time received
The job with highest response ration is preferred
over others. When a short job arrives , its response
ration is high, so it is scheduled for execution
immediately.
=> Storage Management: In a computer, both the CPU
and the I/O devices interact
with the memory. When a program needs to be executed it
is loaded onto the main
memory till the execution is complete. Thereafter that
memory space is freed and
is available for other programs. The common memory
management techniques
used by the operating system are Partitioning and Virtual
Memory.
=> Continuous Storage Allocation: each problem, ,
which is to be executed , is allocated a contiguous
storage memory .each job step is considered as a single
independent entity for allocation for a contiguous
storage area.
=>Non-Continuous Storage Allocation: A program can
be stored in Non-Continuous Storage area . A
program is divided into smaller components of
equal sizes. One of more components can be
stored in the non-Continuous Storage area .each
component in that particular memory area is
provided addresses 0,1,2,…..n .
=> Virtual storage using Paging: In this technique the
program is executed even if the complete program is not loaded
on to the main memory. The operating system divides the main
memory into equal sizes called pages. A part of the
 program resides in the main memory and is called the active
set. The rest is in the secondary storage device in the form of
tracks/sectors or blocks. With the help of Page Map Tables
(PMT), the operating system keeps track
 which page of main memory is storing which block of
secondary memory. A virtual address (which is not the real
physical address) is mapped either to the main memory or the
secondary memory. Hence virtual memory allows more
programs and even larger programs to be executed in the
main memory leading to efficient memory utilization.
=> Demand Paging: Bringing in(paging –in) the required
pages is called DEMAND PAGING.
=> Virtual storage using Segmentation: In this
technique, use of program segment. A program segment is
a logical unit of a program as defined by a programmer.it is
a piece of program logic which performs a specific task. The
programmer only for determining how many segments a
program should have or which program units should
comprise a segment. Foe accessing a particular word in the
segment, its logical address consists of two parts: (i).
Segment Number. (ii). Word Number.
=> This
segment number mapped on to
‘SEGMENT TABLE’ to get physical
address of the segment and by adding
the word’s identification number,
physical or logical address of the word
is found out. Again the hardware unit ,
address transformation unit , is
responsible for generation of actual
address of the required word within
the segment.
=> Information Management: The Information
Management component of OS is structured as follow:
(i). Physical IOCS(input-output control system): It is
responsible for device management and for ensuring
device independence.
(ii). Logical IOCS: It is responsible for efficient
organization and access of the data on IO device.
(iii). File System: It is responsible for protecting and
controlling sharing of files.
=> Commonly Used Operating Systems:
(i). Linux: Linux is a free and open software which means
it is freely available for use and since its source code is also
available so anybody can use it, modify it and redistribute
it. It can be downloaded from www.linux.org.
(ii). Windows: Microsoft launched Windows 1.0 operating
system in 1985 and since then Windows has ruled the
world’s software market. It is a GUI (Graphic User
Interface) and various versions of Windows have been
launched like Windows. like Windows 7, Windows 8.
(iii). BOSS (Bharat Operating System
Solutions): This is an Indian distribution
of GNU/Linux. It consists of Linux
operating system kernel, office application
suite, Bharateeya OO, Internet browser
(Firefox), multimedia applications and file
sharing.
(iv). Solaris: It is a free Unix based
operating system introduced by Sun
Microsystems in 1992. It is now also known
as Oracle Solaris.
(v). Mobile Operating Systems (Mobile OS): It is the
operating system that operates on digital mobile devices
like smart phones and tablets. The most commonly used
mobile operating systems are –Android and Symbian.
=> Android: It is a Linux derived Mobile OS released on
5th November 2007 and by 2011 it had more than 50% of
the global Smartphone market share. It is Google’s open
and free software that includes an operating system,
middleware and some key applications for use on mobile
devices.
=> Symbian: This Mobile OS by Nokia (currently being
maintained by Accenture) designed for smartphones. It
offers high level of functional integration between
communication and personal information management. It
has an integrated mail box and it completely facilitates the
usage of all Google applications in your smartphone easily.
=> Window Phone
=> Apple iOS
=> RIM BlackBerry OS
=>Distributed Operating System: On a network data is
stored and processed on multiple locations. The
Distributed Operating System is used on networks as it
allows shared data/files to be accessed from any machine
on the network in a transparent manner. We can insert and
remove the data and can even access all the input and
output devices. The users feel as if all data is available on
their workstation itself.
=>Interactive Operating System: This is the operating
system that provides a Graphic User Interface (GUI)
through which the user can easily navigate and interact.
The computer responds almost immediately after an
instruction has been entered, and the user can enter new
instructions after seeing the results of the previous
instructions.