Transcript File - Dr. Evaniuck`s AP World History Class

Unit 3 600 to 1450
Yay!
Why 600 to 1400?
• Why does it begin in 600?
– Fall of Classical civs
– Start of huge long distance trade
• Silk Roads
• Sea Roads (Indian Ocean)
• Sand Roads (Sahara)
– Rise of Islam
• Why does it end in 1450?
– Start of age of sea exploration
A. The Rise of Islam
• Monotheistic
• Muhammad heard the word of God (Allah in
Arabic) through the Angel Gabriel
– This becomes The Koran
• Believe the only way to salvation is by
“submitting” to God’s great power
– Islam means submission
– Muslim means one who submits
Five Pillars of Islam
• Belief that there is one God and Muhammad is
his messenger
• Prayer five times a day
• Give charity to the poor
• Fasting during Ramadan (Holy month)
– Moves around our calendar b/c it is based on the
lunar calendar
• Pilgrimage to Mecca at least once during life
Jihad = struggle
• Two types
– Greater Jihad – inner struggle (to be a good
Muslim)
– Lesser Jihad – outer struggle (dealing with nonbelievers)
• *Most Muslims don’t want to kill all nonMuslims
Relationship with Jews and Christians
• Muslims see themselves as living the “Third Testament” of
God
– They see Judaism and Christianity as older brothers and they
see their God as the same guy that is the Jews’ God and the
Christians’ God
– Three main prophets Moses (Jewish), Jesus (Christian) and
Muhammad (Muslim) all are telling the people how to live
according to God
• Moses and Jesus were close, but Muhammad got it right
– Jesus was a great guy, and ascended to heaven, but wasn’t the
son of God
Early Islam
•
•
Starts in Mecca, Saudi Arabia
Lots of faiths there, Jews, Christians and a lot of polytheistic faiths
– Because it was a trade crossroads
•
•
Lots of polytheistic shrines that made lots of money for the government in Mecca
Muhammad’s preaching of Islam got him persecuted and he fled to Medina
(another Saudi city)
– Fleeing called the hijra (means flight)
•
Returns to Mecca years later with a rad army and destroys all of the polytheistic
shrines except the Ka’ba
– Believed the Ka’ba was built by Abraham and was a replica of God’s house in heaven
– Now, the Ka’ba is the center point of Islam. All Muslims pray towards it and they must go there
on their pilgrimage.
Dar al Islam
• As the religion spread, so did Islam as a culture
• Dar al Islam means House of Islam
• Arabic language, cultural practices, foods, music
traveled with the religion
• Much like the Greeks and Romans spread their
culture with their empires
Muhammad (pbuH)
• When speaking Muhammad’s name, Muslims must say “Peace be
upon Him”.
• When writing it, they usually use (pbuH)
• When Muhammad dies, Abu Bakr (His friend) takes over as caliph
– Religious and state leader
– Like a Pope-King
– Because they are theocratic (ruled by religion)
• Remember, in the early years (600-1000) Islam is both a religion
and a government empire
Umayyad Dynasty
•
Start of the Umayyad Dynasty (first Islamic dynasty) moves the capital to
Damascus (in modern-day Syria)
– You have to know these capitals of the dynasties, yo.
•
•
Starts drama with the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire
Strongly encouraged non-Muslims to convert, but if they didn’t they could pay a
tax
– “Head tax” – a tax for every head in the house that wasn’t Muslim
•
•
•
•
Spread the Muslim empire greatly
Cordoba in Spain and the Dome of the Rock (mosque in Jerusalem) were big deals
Would have maybe taken Europe unless Charles “The Hammer” Martel (Frankish
(French) king) didn’t stop him at Tours, a city outside of Paris
He was all like “Stop, Muslims!….Hammer Time!”
Dome of the Rock
Islam Spilt
• Split happens as the Umayyad Dynasty is dying
out due to corruption.
• Shiah Muslims believed caliph should be a
relative to Muhammad (She ah ain’t kin)
• Sunnis said if he was a good dude, it was aiight.
• Still sort of a murderable issue today.
Abbasid Dynasty
nd
(2
and Golden)
• Took over and moved capital to Baghdad (in modern-day Iraq)
• Huge trade boom after they invented “credit”
– No danger of getting robbed of coins
• Started making steel and selling it
• Major innovations in math and medicine
• Defeated Tang China at the battle of Talus River
– Gained control of Silk Roads
– Discovered how to use paper
• Led to a culture boom in the empire (libraries)
How the Muslims saved Plato
• Rome said no to those “half-naked polytheists’ ideas” and burned
many classic Greek and Roman texts
• Byzantines kept many of them
• Muslims took over Byzantine land, translated them into Arabic
• Crusades led to Christians finding the books, re-re-translating them
and bada-bing-bada-boom, you know about SPAA
• Good example of interaction leading to cultural exchange and reexchange
The Sufis – The life of the Muslim
party!
• Thought dances and poetry could get people
salvation
• Had wild Allah Parties
• Allowed other religions to incorporate Allah into
their faiths
• Very missionary and brought about a ton of
converts
Awesome head-banging Suffi dudes.
What’s worse than being a woman in a
World History book?
•
Being a Muslim woman in an AP World History book.
–
•
Before Islam, Arabic women were seen as property.
–
–
•
See what I did there?
Divorce? Guy keeps the dowry.
Female infanticide (also in other cultures)
Qur’an gave women equality
–
–
–
–
“All people equal before Allah”
Divorce meant dowry went back to woman.
Infanticide forbidden
Some women had power outside the home
•
•
Khadija (Muhammad’s wife) was a successful businesswoman
But, you’re still a Muslim woman in an AP World History book so…
–
–
–
You can only have one husband, he can have many wives
½ weight of man’s testimony in court
Public veiling
•
Started in Mesopotamia, Muslims adopted it
Decline of Islamic Caliphates
• Tons of internal struggles between Sunnis and Shiites
• Malmuks (Turkish slaves) revolted and made a new “real”
capital of the emprie
• Seljuk Turks – nomadic Sunnis carved out some lands
• But the most major threats were outside
– Mongols took over Baghdad while the Muslims were fighting
with Christians in the Crusades
• This ends the Abbasid Empire
– The rest of the Muslim leaders fled to Egypt to law low until unit
4
Remember how Rome split?
• It was too big to rule
• West becomes weak and loose Holy Roman
Empire (Roman Catholic Church)
• East becomes strong and centralized Byzantine
Empire (Eastern Orthodox Church)
• Both Christian, just different
• Mark the gray box on 138. It is a good analogy
The Byzantine Empire: The Brief
Details
• Much more Greek and Persian culturally than the west
• Eastern Orthodox Christianity
• Western Rome was small feudal kingdoms, but the Byzantine
Empire was centralized and wealthy
– Learned how to make silk from China = $$
• Justinian is the most important emperor
– Creates the Justinian Code (Twelve Tables and new laws all in one
book)
• Becomes the basis for a lot of modern law
– Golden Age of art and architecture in the empire like the Hagia Sophia
in Constantinople
Hagia Sophia
was a rockin’
church in
Constantinople,
but…spoiler
alert! It’s
now a
mosque and
It aint in
Constantinople
anymore.
Why is it not in Constantinople
anymore?
• Muslims.
The Great Schism
• Orthodox = the “right” way
• Schism = split
• The HRE and the BE ran their churches
differently
• Check the rad table on the next page for
reasons for this schism, yo.
Holy Roman Empire
Byzantine Empire
Religion was Roman Catholic
Religion was Eastern Orthodox
Pope runs the church
Secular state leaders run the church
Communion – when the priests breaks the
crackers and pours the wine, that becomes the
literal body and blood of Christ. It’s magic.
They call it transubstantiation.
Communion – it’s just crackers and wine, man.
Symbolism…ever heard of it?
Latin is the only language the Bible and church
services should be in, even if the congregation
doesn’t speak Latin.
Bible and services should be in the vernacular
(language of the people)
Priests shouldn’t marry. They should dedicate
their time and lives to the church and the
congregation.
Priests are people and should be able to marry.
Praying to icons (pictures of holy people and
saints) is idol worship. (Iconoclasm)
Icons are awesome.
Orthodox Church in Russia
• Vladimir (Russian Prince) abandoned paganism
and considered Islam, Judaism and Christianity
• Wanted to drink = no to Islam
• Wanted to eat what he wants = no to Judaism
• Takes on Christianity (Byzantine kind, not Roman
kind)
Franks
•
•
•
•
•
400s France and Germany
United by King Clovis
Capital at Paris
Roman Catholic religion
Influences later European culture
Charlemagne
• “Charles the Great”
• First Holy Roman Emperor
• Combined a lot of Western Europe under the Catholic Church/Holy
Roman Empire
• Pope runs Church/Emperor runs empire
• Called Holy Roman Empire
– Parts of Italy, Germany, France and others
– A lot smaller than classical Rome, but thought they were just as
important
• Didn’t grow because it didn’t levy taxes
Vikings
• Around 800 coming south from Scandinavia (Norway,
Sweden)
• Raided lots of Catholic monasteries
• Took Newfoundland in Canada (1000CE) – Leif Erickson
• Seized Constantinople three times
• Called Normans (North Men)
• Most famous Norman, William the Conqueror took over
England and “started” the culture there
– 1066 – Battle of Hastings – Beast Mode
Feudalism Terms
• Vassal – ex-knight
• Serf – peasant
• Feifs – plot of land given to a lower group
– AKA manor
• Three-field system – spring field, fall field, empty field are
rotated to keep soil w/ nutrients
• Chivalry – honor system “being civil” about mutual respect
• Primogeniture – title and wealth passed down through
oldest son
Ancient Civilizations and Middle Ages
• Middle Ages were a downturn in population, production
and agriculture
• As they built up resources and surpluses, we see more
trade, crafts and skilled workers
• Population grows, and, at the end of the Middle Ages,
civilizations start to grow just like they did in the Middle
Ages
• Skilled workers started making extra money, and, with the
invention of banking, they became a new thing (the middle
class)
Middle Ages Trading
• Hanseatic League – Northern European cities
that joined to trade
• Controlled by burghers (middle class
merchants)
Middle Agey Stuff
• Architecture became Gothic
– High ceilings
– Pointy
– Reaching to heaven!
• Flying buttresses
– Outside supports for super tall buildings
Crusades 1100s-1400s
• Catholics v. Muslims to take back Holy Lands from Muslims
– Jerusalem, Constantinople
• Deaths, interactions w/ non Christians, and trade led to
early challengers to the Catholic Church
– Challengers claim they are using reason
– Church claims they are committing heresy (going against the
Church)
• Rise in “scholasticism” – focusing on science and history
instead of Church teachings
Inquisition
• During Crusades, the Church gets strict
• Inquisition (trials of heretics) – leads to
excommunication, torture, exectutions
• Thomas Aquinas – early Church critic
– Said faith and reason both come from God and
aren’t in conflict
Black Plague 1300s
• From China, came on fleas on rats to Europe
– Thanks, Mongols
• When it got to Europe, lots of ppl were in cities b/c the Middle Ages were
ending
– This makes it really easy to catch the plague
• Ppl go to churches to get protected, but they just concentrate themselves
more and spread it quicker
• Leads to a loss in faith of the church
• Kills 1/3 of European population
– Pop drop leads to new industries, less farming, more chance for social mobility
Nation States are born
• Middle Ages – no countries, just small feudal
kingdoms
• By the end, people start aligning themselves by
languages
– England, France, Spain
• Germany and Italy became decentralized groups
of city states
– Spoiler: no such thing as Germany or Italy until 1860s
Magna Carta 1215
• Nobles met with King John in England and forced his signature
– Means “Great Charter”
• Said that he couldn’t raise taxes w/o consent of the people
• Leads to nobles representing the commoners
• Then to Parliament
– Later becomes two houses
• House of Lords (nobles)
• House of Commons (commoners)
• Extra history learning opportunity
– The difference between a parliament and a modern republic is that a
parliament doesn’t have separation of powers
Hundred Years’ War/France Matters Now 13-1400s
•
•
•
•
•
France growing at same time as England
England takes French land
Fight fight fight
Murder murder murder
Joan of Arc, teenage girl dresses up like a boy, claims she
heard the voice of the Virgin Mary, and leads the French
army to send out the English and win the war
• Then she tells everyone she is crazy and the French burn
her at the stake
Spain 1400s
• Ferdinand and Isabella get married and unite two
kingdoms
• Became a strong Catholic kingdom
• Spanish Inquisition
– Stopped religious toleration
– Killed non Catholics
– Very anti-Muslim
Urbanization in Unit 3
• Cities were where ppl traded
• Showed off the wealth of rulers
– Money they got from taxing trade
• Early trading cities were tied to Islam and China
– Baghdad, Chang’an
• Constantinople was the only important European trading city, but it
was really seen as an “eastern” city
– Remember Greco Persian War making East/West split?
• Later in the Middle Ages, Paris and other Eur cities begin to matter
Russia is different
• Remember that Vladimir made them EO?
• They are isolated and cold until the Mongols take over
– The army that ruled them were called “The Golden Horde”,
the best Mongol army
• The Mongol control kept them separate from the rest
of Europe and, some argue they slowed the culture
– Maybe that is why Russia is viewed as “backwards” in later
units
• As the Mongol control drops, powerful leaders
called czars (Russian for Caesar) take control
• Out of small empires comes Ivan the Terrible,
who centralizes, grows a new empire called
“Russia” and makes the capital at Moscow
• Moscow is now called the “Third Rome”
– Rome was first, Constantinople was second
Ivan the
Terrible
after
seeing
his
AHWH
grade.
- “I knew
I should
have
made
better
notes
and
studied
longer!”
China (Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming)
• Tang expands the furthest so far
– Cultural boom, poetry most important
– Falls b/c it is too big to rule
• Song takes over
– When China discovers printing
– Falls due to Mongol invaders
• Mongol dynasty in China is called Yuan
– Falls b/c they were outsiders. Taken over by the Ming
“Pure” Dynasty
Tang and Song
• Stable and secure due to Civil Service Exam (created by
Han)
• Great roads and canals
• Capital – Chang’an – northern China (149)
– Largest city in the world
• Where the “Tribute System” took place
– Tribute nations like Japan, Korea, Vietnam brought gifts to
China to show that China was the best
• They did this so China didn’t crush them
Civil Service System Keeps China Stable
• Civil Service positions were merit-based
– They did well on the civil service exam, so they are probably
smart and awesome
– As opposed to an aristocracy where you get jobs based on who
you know
• When a new empire or emperor took over, they kept their
jobs, and, they basically really were who ran the country
• They even kept their jobs when the Mongols took over for
the most part
Song
• Northern nomads were pushing them, so they
moved the capital south to Hangzhou
• Printing made them tons of money, much
smarter, better factories (moveable type)
• Came up with gunpowder, compasses, junks (rad
Chinese ships)
• Champa rice (fast ripening) from Vietnam led to a
pop doubling
Chinese Women
• Wu Zhao – only Chinese empress to date
– Ruthless to adversaries, compassionate to peasants
• Women controlled. China was super-patriarchal
– Thanks, Confucius
• Foot binding – women were supposed to be tiny
and cute. Small feet were considered beautiful
– Feet wrapped as babies, never grew
Chinese Religion
• Both Mahayana and a subset Zen Buddhism take hold
in China
• Zen Buddhism is Chinese and was for more upper class
people
– Confucian beliefs were in Zen Buddhism too
• Confucianists didn’t like Buddhism b/c it took ppl out of
society and they stopped working and participating
• Some major persecutions from emperors lessened
Buddhism’s influence in China
Neo-Confucianism
•
•
•
•
Buddhism influenced Confucianism
Ideas of soul and individualism
Major influence on Song Dynasty
Filial piety and maintaining your roles now
were not only good, but could get you to
heaven!
Japan in Unit 3
• Because it is some islands, Japan stays super
isolated
– Only really influenced by China, and that was limited
• We know hardly nothing of Japan before 400ce
• Unified by Yamato clan in 500s
– All emperors decended from that clan through today
– Today, Japan is the only country with an emperor
Akihito – His
Imperial Majesty
Shinto
• Early Japanese religion
• Focused on worshiping “kami” (forces of nature
and ancestors)
• Goal is to join the kami through rituals and good
behavior (sounds like Confucianism?)
• Yamato clan were descendants of the gods
– Keeps them in power (like mandate of heaven and
divine right)
Chinese Culture Invades Japan500s
• Buddhism shows up and joins w/ Shinto (doesn’t
replace it)
• Modeled a new capital city after Tang capital
• Rejects Confucianism and civil service exam, though
– Why? B/c Japan was more interested in birth and heredity,
not merit and education
• KNOW THIS: Japan accepted some Chinese stuff, but
stayed culturally unique
Fujiwara Japan to Feudal Japan
• Fujiwara family gains control in 800s
– Emperor during this time is just a figurehead
– Golden age of literature, especially women writers
• More rich families gain power across Japan
and Fujiwara lose power
• Breaks down into feudalism by 1100s
Japanese Feudalism
• Developed at the same time as in Europe, but
independently
• A new title, “Shogun” was given to the strongest general
– Emperor still just for show
• Below shogun was daimyo (rich families that owned large
lots of land) (also samurais)
• Gave land to lesser samurais (vassals)
• Let peasants work their land
• LAND FOR LOYALTY SYSTEM JUST LIKE EUROPE
European v. Japanese Feudalism
EUR king = JPN emperor
Except emperor doesn’t really have power
EUR nobles = JPN daimyos
EUR knights (vassals) = JPN shoguns
Peasants are peasants everywhere
Bushido and Chivalry
• Bushido – the way of the warrior. Honor, courage,
loyalty
– Similar to chivalry
• Women not respected in Japan like in Europe
– Didn’t have power in either, but they were adored in
Europe, in Japan, they were treated sub humanly at times
• Seppuku – ritualistic suicide that was better than
letting your enemy kill you
– AKA harakiri
India
• Islam comes in around 1000
–
–
–
–
–
–
Capital of Muslim India was in Delhi (Delhi Sultanate)
Sultans in India forced some conversions
Destroyed temples
Allowed some to stay Hindu by paying taxes
Much more destructive than Muslim rule in the Middle East
Islam starts in Northern India and spreads slowly south
• The differences between Hinduism and Islam lead to and
are going to lead to much drama
Korea and Vietnam
• Korea was independent and strong, but became a
vassal-state to China
– Part of the tribute system, giving CHN gifts
– Some cultural exchange, but Korea stays independent
• Vietnam ended up as a vassal-state too, but they
fought like maniacs to stay independent
– Had a history of fighting back Chinese, like the Trung
Sisters in 40CE (HANDOUT)
Trung Sisters
The Mongols
• Largest land empire ever
• Military unstoppable
• Best with archery and horses
• Golden Horde (best army) conquered Russia
• Why didn’t they take over Europe?
Ogedei died. Return to Mongolia.
• Why didn’t they take over Japan?
Huge storms (kamikaze) (divine winds) stop
Mongols.
Important Mongols
• Genghis Kahn (Grandpa) – started
and spread empire
• Ogedi Kahn (Son) – died in Poland
• Kublai Kahn (Grandson) – Took China
called it Yuan Dynasty
• Fun fact, biological warfare
Pax Mongolica
• Brutal destruction when Mongols took over
• But after, there was peace and harmony (Pax
Mongolica)
– Time of trading and exchange of ideas
• During Pax Mongolica, Mongols began to
assimilate to the cultures they took over and
even became literate. Yay.
The Mongols are different
• Didn’t spread culture, didn’t really have a
culture
– No written language, complex religion or art
– Very primitive and neolithic
• Allowed for culture to spread through the
empire by keeping trade routes safe
Timur Lane
• Timur Lane was a Mongol leader that basically
ravaged northern India and then left
• They rebuilt and continued being Muslim
The Mongol Way
• Giving up means you might live
• Any fighting back was not a good idea b/c
– They could travel 90 miles a day on horseback
– They could shoot you from 300 yards away by bow and
arrow
• Khans were ruthless to traitors
• Meritocracy based on kill-count and awesomeness
• Spies kept an eye on enemies
Mongol Impact
• Mongols taking over in Persia became Muslim
• In China, Kublai Khan forbid Chinese from marrying Mongols or learning
the Mongol language
– When the Mongols were ran out, the Chinese went back to their old culture
and the Mongols didn’t have much impact on them.
• In Russia, the Mongols were just rulers and didn’t impact their cultures or
vice versa
• They did push trade and interaction
– Trade from Europe to Asia
– Black Plague travelled safely thanks to Mongols
• SO, IN A WAY, THEY BROUGHT THE WORLD TOGETHER
East Africa: Axum, Kush and Swahili
Coast
• Kush – same time as ancient Egypt
– Conquered them at one point
• Axum – 200ce
– Converted to Christianity, then Islam
• Shows how they were interacting w/ tons of outsiders
• Ethiopia today is mostly Christian
• Swahili Coast (Southeast Coast)
– Mix of Bantu and Arabic languages
– Major traders on the Indian Ocean
West Africa: Ghana, Mali and Songhai
• Muslim traders wanted to get across the Sahara for gold in Mali and
Ghana…and salt too
• Ghana became Muslim, but lost power
• Mali rose up
– City: Timbuktu
• Learning center
– Mansa Musa – King that made pilgrimage to Mecca
• Took literally tons of gold and gave it to people along the way
• As Mali falls, Songhai rose up
– Last of the great West African Empires
Maya
• Terrace farming on mountainsides
• Probably fell due to:
– overuse of land
– natural disaster
– Social unrest
– Outside invaders
Aztecs
•
•
•
•
Capital: Tenochtitlan, modern-day Mexico
Strong army and taxing system
Road system was advanced
Conquered lands paid tribute so they could govern
themselves
• Women were subordinate
• Military tied to religion b/c one goal of military was to get
human sacrifices so they could feed their blood to the sun
(I’m serious)
Compare Aztecs and Romans
• Both had good roads
• Allowed for self rule and payment through
taxes/tributes
• This is called “indirect rule” and it is usually a
good thing if you’re taking people over. They
don’t feel so oppressed.
Incas
• Capital: Cuzco, modern-day Peru
• No large animals = peasants do hard labor
• Part of crops went to government for famine relief
– Kinda communist?
• Women had more rights
– Property passing down to daughters, religious roles
• No private property (everything was owned by the
ruler)
Inca
Temple of
the Sun
Why interaction?
• If you have everything you need, you can stay
isolated.
• If you don’t, you have to seek it out.
Things that helped trade in unit 3
•
•
•
•
Better boats
Better roads
Lines of credit
Record keeping
Good and Bad Things Exchanged
Through Interaction
• Good
– Languages, religions, literature
• Bad
– Black Plague
Indian Ocean Trade
• Dominated by Indians and Arabs
• Much bigger ships
• Traded on Monsoons
– Reliable winds that went north and south east of
Africa
• Cultures blend when sailors marry ladies at
seaports
Silk Road under the Mongols
1200 1600
• Carried precious things
– Porcelain, paper
• Where the East and West met.
• If you were part of the Mongol Empire, you
were protected
Hanseatic League
• North Sea
• Purpose to fight pirates and to make common
trade practices
• More than 100 cities
• Major Results
– Created large middle class
– Made the Dutch and English wealthy
• They’ll use that wealth in Unit 4 by dominatin’
Was Unit 3 Really Global Trade?
•
•
•
•
Like a web
Africa, Europe, Asia only
No Americas
Not really connected by one group or leader
– Many independent networks loosely associated
Religious Spread
• Intentional Diffusion
– Spread by missionaries or warface
• Natural Diffusion
– Spread by interaction, like on trade routes
• Major religious interactions
–
–
–
–
–
Islam into Spain, India and Africa
Islam spread on Indian Ocean
Crusades pushing Christianity to the east
Buddhism moving into Japan
EO moving from Byzantine Empire to Russia
Importance of Capital Cities
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Created to draw ppl in
Made to show the wealth of the empire
Major Capitals:
Islamic Empire - Mecca, Baghdad, Damascus
Japan - Fujiwara
China - Chang’an
Mali – Timbuktu
Maya – Tikal
Aztec – Tenochtitlan
Inca – Cuzco
Major Tech in Unit 3
• China is the best at inventing stuff
– Gunpowder
– Moveable type
– Paper
– Compass
Women in Unit 3
• Probably still oppressed
• Some upper-class women could overcome
patriarchy
– Sometimes upper-class women were treated
worse (veiling and foot-binding)