Transcript Rise of Europe - Hutton`s History Class

Rise of Europe
Chapter 7
Early Middle Ages
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Germanic kingdoms
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German tribes settled in Western Europe
Franks-most successful of the German tribes
Clovis
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1st Frankish king
Conquered Gaul (France)
Preserved Roman customs in Gaul
Became a Christian
Early Middle Ages
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Islam: A New Religion and Power: handout
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Founded by Muhammad
Born in Mecca and then moved to Medina
Went back to Mecca to conquer and destroy
Islam rejects Christ as savoir
Muslims overran N Africa, Spain, and headed for
France
Charles Martel, a Frankish King, defeated
Muslims at Battle of Tours
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CvSbBEoBePg&feature=related
Age of Charlemagne
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Charles Martel’s grandson
Build an empire from France to Germany to Italy
Frankish descent
Pope Leo III asked for help to put down a rebellion
in Rome, crowned him king for helping
Tried to create a united Christian Europe
Set up schools
Charlemagne died in 814 and his empire was
divided among his grandsons in the Treaty of
Verdun
Rise of Europe
More attacks on Europe
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Magyars:
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Based/settled in modern day Hungary
Conquered Eastern Europe, France & Italy
Vikings:
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Ferocious fighters and sailors from
Scandinavia
Looted and burned communities
Traders and explorers
Leif Erikson founded a colony in N.A.
Vikings
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2fc83VvUeE8&feature=relmfu
Review
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Who was Clovis?
Who was Charlemagne?
What were 3 contributions of Charlemagne?
Magyars took over what parts of Europe?
Vikings took over what parts of Europe?
What new religion emerged during this time?
Manor Economy pgs 219-224
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Feudalism
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Fief = estate
Vassal = lesser lord
See chart
Problems could develop if a lesser lord
pledges loyalty to several lords who
quarreled with each other
Example: in class
Knights
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Knight:
Training from age 7-21
Difficult
Strict discipline
Modern-day army
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ymBF3nfhCU
Castles
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Build by lords and kings
Started off with a wooden fence, later
moat and stone walls developed
At first castles resembled forts
To defeat a castle, attackers could
starve them into surrender or tunnel
under the walls
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See page 220
Castles
Role of Women
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Women might supervise the household if the
man was gone
Rights to inheritance were restricted
Chivalry: code of conduct adopted by knights
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See book page 222
Required them to be brave, loyal, and true to
their word
Preached that women should be cherished
The Manor
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Most important aspect of the medieval economy
was the manor of the lord’s estate
Peasants:
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Most were serfs-bound to the land, NOT slaves, but
could not leave manor w/o lord’s permission
Serfs had to work several days farming, paid their lord
a fee when they married, and paid their lord a fee
when they used their mill to grind grain. In return,
they had the right to grow things for themselves and
were protected from raiders.
Daily life of peasants
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Worked from sunup to sundown
Very few lived past 35
Most believed in elves, fairies, and other
nature spirits
Review
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Describe Feudalism.
Describe a Knights training.
Describe Castles and the manor.
What was the role of women during this
time?
What is chivalry and is it dead?
What was daily life like for peasants?
The Medieval Church
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Structure and Authority
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Western church headed by the pope became
the ruler of the RCC
Eventually became more secular- worldy,
not of the church
Pope was the spiritual leader of the RCC as
well as ruling the Papal States in central Italy
Authority of the Church
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Christians believed all people were sinners
doomed to eternal sufferings
The only way to avoid hell was to participate in
the sacraments-sacred rituals of the Church
The church had its own body of laws called
canon law
Anyone who refused to obey church law was
subject to punishment. The most severe was
excommunication, which means you would not
receive the sacraments i.e. go to hell.
Authority of the Church cont.
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If a town or a king broke canon law
they could face an interdict which
excludes a whole town or region
The RCC required all Christian to pay a
tithe, a tax of 10% that went directly
to the church.
Monks and Nuns
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Benedictine Rule
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A monk named Benedict founded the
monastery at Monte Casino, Italy.
Monks and nuns took an oath of poverty
and two others: chastity and obedience
to the abbot
In time it spread across Europe
Chief duties were prayer and worship of
God
Monte Casino Monastery today
Monks and Nuns
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Tended to the sick and poor
Preserved writings of the ancient world
NO printing press—copied ancient
books as a form of labor
http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/medieval-monks.htm
http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/daily-life-nun-middle-ages.htm
Missionaries
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St. Patrick went to Ireland and
established the Irish Catholic Church
St. Augustine went to England to
convert the Angles and Saxons: pagans
Reform Movements
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The clergy tended to be secular
(worldly) and live in luxury
Many ignored their vows
Married priests spent more time on
their own interests or with their families
Moral decay
Monastery at Cluny, France
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Abbot Berno in Cluny tried to end
church abuses
Berno filled the monastery with men
devoted solely to religious pursuits
Gregory VII, pope in 1073, extended
the Clunaic reforms throughout the
church
Pope Gregory VII
Pope Gregory VII
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Gregory VII insisted the church and
not kings choose church officials
Gregory VII instituted the rule that no
clergy were allowed to be married
Monks
Preaching Orders
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Monks and friars who preached to the
poor
Franciscans
Dominicans dedicated to educating
people about Christianity and ending
heresies
Beguines: a group of women without
the financial means to enter a convent
Jews in Western Europe
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Jews were tolerated by Muslims and
Christians alike
However as the RCC’s power increased
they banned Jews from many
occupations and from owning land
Laid the foundation for antiSemitism—prejudice against the Jews
Review
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Describe the authority of the church.
What/who are monks and nuns?
Define the Benedictine rule.
Name two missionaries.
How did the RCC try to reform?
How were Jews treated during this
time?
Medieval Economics
pgs 231-236
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New Technologies
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By 800 peasants started using iron plows
instead of wooden ones.
A new harness system allowed them to use a
horse on the plow instead of much slower
oxen. In turn their fields were larger.
Wind mills grinded grain
3 field system==field #1 for grain, field #2
for legumes, field #3 was fallow. Then rotate
crops the following year
Trading
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Trade fairs
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Traders and customers met at trade fairs which
at first took place near navigable rivers
Gave them an opportunity to buy and sell
merchandise
Slowly these centers of trade developed into
the first medieval cities some topped 100,000
ppl for the first time since Roman times
Trading
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To protect their interests the merchants who
set up a new town would ask the lord or king
for a charter
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A written document that has rights and privileges
of a town.
Charters varied but they usually allowed the local
townspeople to choose their own leaders and
control their affairs
Commercial Revolution
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In time the merchants needed capital
–money for investment
New Business practices
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Merchants began to pool their money
together to support large scale projects
that would have cost one person too much
Primitive insurance developed
Commercial Revolution
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Bill of exchange—merchants put money in
the bank and in return is given a note.
Notes could be taken to another city and
uses it like money.
The use of money helped undermined
serfdom and helped the middle class
develop
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_dwL9lqVBxY
Guilds
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Merchants developed guilds—associations of
merchants
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Passed laws, levied taxes, and spent money on
projects thus acting like a city government
They organized craft guilds Each guild
represented one occupation (weavers, bakers,
tailors, etc.) Guilds were similar to unions today.
They limited membership. Why?
Guilds
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Becoming a guild member
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Many hard years as an apprentice or
trainee was required
Training started at age seven
Women worked in craft guilds
City Life
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Surrounded by high walls
Had to rebuild with growth
No garbage collection or sewer
system—waste went into the streets
Review
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Name some new technologies during
this time.
What are trade fairs?
What was the commercial revolution?
Describe guilds.
What was city life like during this time?
Islam
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Introduction
Arabian peninsula
Bedouins—nomadic herders
Mecca—trade and market city
Islam
Muhammed
 born 570
 at age 40 heard God’s voice calling him
to start a new religion
 Hijra—move with first followers to
Medina
 Caliph—successor to Muhammed
Islam
Message and Core Beliefs
Monotheism: belief in Allah
Quran (Koran)—holy book; written in Arabic; God’s word
through Muhammed
Sharia—law codes for religious, criminal and civil law
Same god as Judaism and Christianity
Mosque—house of worship
5 Pillars
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Profession of faith (only one god, Allah)
Daily prayer (face Mecca 5 times daily)
Charity to the poor
Fast from sunup to sundown during Ramadan
Hajj—pilgrimage to Mecca once in your life
Islam
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Women
Not much power in Middle Eastern
society before Islam
With Islam could divorce, be educated
and inherit property
4 wives if treated equally
Eventually some were veiled and put in
harems and not treated equally
Islam
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Spread of Islam
A. Persia, Byzantium, Egypt, North
Africa, Spain and some of France
B. Allowed Jews and Christians to
practice: equally
Islam
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Divisions
A. Sunni—caliph is a leader only and
should be the best man; 90%
present day
B. Shi’ite (Shi’a)—caliph should be a
descendant of Muhammed
C. Sufi: mystics
Islam
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Civilization
A. No social classes
B. international trade network
C. Artistic design very geometric and
nature oriented
D. Architecture has domes and fountains
E. Kept ancient works alive
F. Advances in medicine
Review
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Name the founder of Islam.
What are the 5 Pillars of Islam?
How are women treated according to
the Islamic faith?
Name the divisions of Islam.
How has Islam contributed to
civilization?
Quran Verses
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2.244. Then fight in the cause of Allah, and
know that Allah Heareth and knoweth all
things.
4.76. Those who believe fight in the cause of
Allah, and those who reject Faith Fight in the
cause of Evil
9.64. Verily Allah has cursed the Unbelievers
and prepared for them a Blazing Fire
From the Hadith Sahih Muslim
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41:6903. The last hour will not come unless there
is much bloodshed.