Transcript chapter12
12 The Making of Europe in the Middle Ages ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. The New Kingdoms of the Old Western Empire The Emergence of Europe in the Early Middle Ages The New Germanic Kingdom Forms of Roman and Germanic fusion Kingdom of the Franks • Clovis (482-511) founded the kingdom of Franks • Converted to Christianity-even though he had a problem with (Thou Shall Not Kill) • Division of the Frankish kingdom-region divided after his death Society of the Germanic Peoples • Family the crucial bond-extended family ties • German law-provided means of determining guilt • Wergeld (fine paid by the wrongdoer to the family of person injured or killed Role of the Christian Church-dominant religion of Europe The Organization of the Church-system of hierarchy; Peter became first bishop of Rome The Monks and Their Mission- Began with St. Benedict -lived in selfsustaining monasteries, copied manuscripts, and spread Christianity all over Europe ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Spread of Christianity Charlemagne and the Carolingians Background of the Carolingians-Clovis’s dynasty ended with Pepin, mayor of the palace, assuming kingship in 751 Charles the Great (Charlemagne) (768-814); extended his territories to include most of western and Central Europe Patron of learning-illiterate himself Sent out missi dominici (messengers of lord king) to check on counts Created an empire in western Europe- biggest until Napoleon’s in the 19th century Crowned Roman Emperor in 800 The idea of the Roman Empire still important Fusion of Roman, German, and Christian elements ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Charlemagne’s Empire The World of Lords and Vassals Charlemagne’s Empire divided into three parts in 843 Nobles gained more power as Charlemagne's descendants fought each other Invasions of the Ninth and Tenth Centuries Muslims and Magyars • Muslims attack southern coasts of Europe and raid into southern France • Magyars from western Asia Moved into eastern and central Europe • Magyars defeated at battle of Lechfeld, 955; converted to Christianity The Vikings/Northmen/Norsemen • From Scandinavia • Warriors, shipbuilders, and sailors • Raided/settled in Ireland, northern England, and northern France • Danes occupied northeastern England by 878 • Occupied part of France, Normandy • Development of Fief-Holding Feudalism, a relation between lord (gives land) and vassal (promises service) Vassalage Contract between a lord and his subordinate (vassal) Nobles took control of vast lands and gave grants to vassals who fought for their lord Change in the military beginning in the eighth century Grant of land made to each vassal The Practice of Fief-Holding came to be characterized by set of practices known as the feudal contract Major characteristics: • Vassal owes the lord military service • Vassal had to go to the lord’s court to give advice • Vassal might sit in judgment of other vassals • Vassal responsible for financial aid • Lord obligated to protect & maintain his vassal Manorial system The Manor: estate operated by a lord and worked by peasants Serfs-unfree peasants, peasant who is bound to the land Demesne: the lord’s land worked by peasants ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 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A Medieval Manor Europe in the High Middle Ages The New Agriculture Increased land put under production; population doubled to 74 million Technological changes: iron implements, use of horses Watermills and windmills Shift from two-field to three-field rotation system Daily life of the Peasantry Simple life Women bore children and worked the fields Food staple was bread The Nobility (Aristocracy) of the Middle Ages Held the political, economic, and social power Were warriors; main concern was warfare Social divisions based on wealth and landholdings Aristocratic women • Could legally hold property • Remained under the control of men • Managed the estate (castle) while husband off to war • Oversaw the food supply • Were some very dominant women: e.g., Eleanor of Aquitaine (c. 1122-1204) The Revival of Trade Revival began in the eleventh and twelfth centuries Centers of growth: Italian states-Venice, became the chief western trading center by the end of tenth century for Byzantine and Islamic commerce. Other Italian cities were trading in the Mediterranean, Flanders (the area off the coast of Belgium), became the center for trade in Northern Europe Many fairs were held through-out the year to encourage trade between southern and northern Europe Money economy emerged, and the system of banking expanded Growth of Cities Beginning in 10th century, many new cities in northern Europe Fortified strongholds by merchants for trade Unique laws for cities; chose their own officials, and administered their own courts of law Develop own governments; dominated by merchants Cities remained small-average population 5,000, Europe remains rural Daily Life in the Medieval City Walled, narrow streets, crowded living conditions Most people were merchants Dirty and smelly, relied on wells for water Women might have more independence, in addition to taking care of home and child-bearing, they could help husbands in trade, or for extra money trade on their own Europe in the High Middle Ages Evolution of the European Kingdoms: England in the High Middle William of Normandy (1066-1087) Defeated Harold in 1066 Grants fiefs to Norman knights Established a strong centralized monarchy Henry II (1154-1189) Expand the power of the royal courts Common law was established through out the kingdom John (1199-1216)Plantagenet Dynasty Nobles resented the growing power of the king and rose in rebellion. Forced King John to sign the Magna Carta, 1215-limited the power of the king • Granted feudal liberties Edward I (1272-1307) English Parliament, 1295 • Two knights from every county and two residents from each town meet with the Grand Council to approve taxes-the first Parliament • House of Lords (Church lords and barons) & House of Commons (knights and burgesses) • Law made in consultation with representatives Evolution of the European Kingdoms: Growth of the French Kingdom Division of Carolingian Empire, 843 Hugh Capet chosen as king, 987-after the death of last Carolingian Philip II Augustus (1180-1223) Drove the English out of France, created the bureaucracy Controlled lands around Paris, Ile-de-France Many dukes more powerful that the Capetian kings Gained control of most of the English holdings in France Enlarged the power of the French Monarchy Philip IV the Fair (1285-1314) Called for the Estates General, 1302- meeting of the estates (social classes) Very effective in strengthening the French Monarchy The Lands of the Holy Roman Empire The Lands of the Holy Roman Empire Dukes of the Saxons became kings of eastern Frankish kingdom (Germany) Otto I (936-973)-crowned emperor of Romans in 962 Germans interference in Italy; creation of the Holy Roman Empire Hohenstaufen dynasty Frederick I (1152-1190); Frederick II (1212-1250); attempted to rule Italy but failed vs. popes The German Holy Roman Emperors had no power in Italy or Germany; the German lords ignored them and ran independent German Kingdoms ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 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The Migrations of the Slavs The Slavic People of Central and Eastern Europe Asian invaders: Huns, Bulgars, Avars, Magyars Three groups of slavs Western Slav Polish, Bohemians, Czech, and Hungarian kingdoms Converted to Catholic or Western Christianity Southern Slavs Croats, Serbs, and Bulgarians Converted to Eastern or Orthodox Christianity Eastern Slavs Russians and Ukrainians and encountered Swedish Vikings (the “Russ people”) in 700s Development of Russia Oleg (c. 873-913), a Viking, created the Rus state of Kiev Vladimir (c. 980-1015), becomes Orthodox Christian in 987 Problems of the eleventh and twelfth centuries-internal rivalry and Mongols Alexander Nevsky (c. 1220-1263) Defeated an invading German army in 1242 Cooperated with the Mongols and rewarded with title of grand prince Christianity and Medieval Civilization The Papal Monarchy Control over the papal states Increasingly became involved in political matters High officials came to hold their offices as fiefs from nobles Reform of the Papacy-Pope Gregory VII fought against Lay investiture God Stated that Pope is God’s “vicar on earth”; therefore, pope’s power extended all over Christendom, including the kings New Religious Orders and New Spiritual Ideas Cistercian order; founded in 1098- a new strict discipline monastery; Saint Bernard of Clairvaux created the ideals for this monastery Growth of religious houses for women Francis of Assisi (1182-1226), Franciscans; worked with the poor in society, not in monasteries Dominic de Guzmán (1170-1221), Dominicans; led the Inquisition against heresy The Culture of the High Middle Ages Rise of Universities Development of Scholasticism Irnerius (1088-1125), Bologna, first university in Europe Competition for new universities Liberal arts curriculum After BA/MA, could study law, medicine, or theology Theology; “queen of all sciences” Scholasticism: philosophical and theological system of the medieval schools Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), Summa Theologica- reconciled faith and reason Gothic Cathedral Ribbed vaults and pointed arches replaced the barrel vault Flying buttress Abbey of Saint-Denis near Paris, first fully Gothic Church Bayeux Cathedral The Bayeux Cathedral in northern France, with its soaring vaulted ceiling and somber grey stone, is an excellent example of Norman Gothic architecture. Like all European cathedrals, it has undergone numerous architectural modifications over the centuries. ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. The Early Crusades Medieval Europe and the World: The Crusades The First Crusades: Holy Wars against Islam, take Jerusalem back Pope Urban II, 1088-1099 calls for the Crusades • Alexius I asked for help from the Pope because of the threat from Seljuk Turks • Council of Clermont, 1095; Pope leads this council and calls for Crusades First Crusade, 1096-1099; the only successful Crusade • Captured Jerusalem in 1099 • Established several rusader feudal states Second Crusade, 1147-1149 • Edessa recaptured by Muslims, 1144 • Saint Bernard calls for the Second Crusade, and it’s a failure Third Crusade, 1189-1192 • Saladin captures Jerusalem in 1187 • Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, Richard I the Lionhearted of England, Philip II Augustus of France • Frederick Barbarossa drowns, Phillip II Augustus after losing many battles returns home, and Richard negotiates with Saladin where Saladin agrees to allow Christians pilgrims free access to Jerusalem and Jerusalem remains in control of Muslims. • All other Crusades were all failures Spread of the Black Death The Crisis of the Late Middle Ages: The Black Death Fourteenth century: change in weather; famine, plague The Black Death Bubonic plague • Originated in Asia • Reached Europe in October, 1347 • 50-60 percent death rate • Of estimated 75 million people as many as 38 million died • Attempts to explain the plague • • • Punishment by God or sent by the devil Flagellants Anti-Semitism Economic Dislocation and Social Upheaval Consequences of so many deaths Trade declined Industry suffered Labor shortage and increase in price of labor Peasants convert labor services to rent **Fleas on Rats Political Instability The Hundred Years’ War, 1337-1453 Edward III of England also Duke of Gascony, France Philip VI of France seized Gascony, 1337 Edward declares war, but the dispute is over the French crown The two armies Battle of Crécy, 1346 Battle of Agincourt, 1415 Joan of Arc, 1429-1431 • The liberation of Orléans • Captured, charged with witchcraft and burned at the stake, 1431 Political Disintegration By 14th century the feudal order was breaking down Professional soldiers The Decline of the Church Boniface VIII, 1294-1303 King Philip IV of France, 1285-1314 French pope, Clement V, 1305-1314 The Papacy at Avignon (1305-1377) Criticism of the lifestyle at Avignon Papacy returned to Rome, 1378 Pope’s supreme power over both church and state Pope Urban VI, 1378-1389, Rome Pope Clement VII, 1378-14, Avignon The Great Schism France and its allies support Avignon and England and its allies support Rome Damaging to the faith of Christian believers Council of Constance, 1417 The Renaissance Italians believe they have witnessed a “rebirth” between 1350 and 1550 Renaissance Italy largely urban, begins in Florence with the help of the Medici family Emphasis on individual ability New Social Ideal: “universal person” The Intellectual Renaissance Italian Renaissance Humanism Liberal arts (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, and history) Petrarch (1304-1374) • Rejected scholastic philosophy • Emphasize classics Florence Service to the state Impact of Printing Johannes Gutenberg • Movable metal type, 1445-1450 • Bible, 1455 or 1456 Development of scholarly research The Artistic Renaissance Searching for naturalism Humans became the focus of attention in art New Renaissance style Laws of perspective and geometrical organization of outdoor space and light Investigation of movement and anatomical structure High Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) • Realism and idealism; painter, inventor, sculptor, scientist • Famous Works- Mona Lisa, Last Supper Raphael (1483-1520) • Ideal of beauty • Famous Works: School of Athens, frescoes in the Vatican Palace Michelangelo (1475-1564) • Accomplished painter, sculptor, and architect • Famous Works: Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, Marble David Europe in the Second Half of the Fifteenth Century The Italian States Major States Venice Trade in the eastern Mediterranean and into northern Europe Oligarchy of merchant-aristocrats Florence Milan: Ruled by the French house of Anjou; Sicily : Ruled by the Spanish house of Aragon Papal States: Ruled by the Popes Cosmo de’ Medici (1434-1464) controlled the oligarchy Republican government for appearances Beginning in 1494, Italy became battleground in struggle between France and Spain The State in the Renaissance: Western Europe France Impact of the Hundred Year’s War Louis XI, 1461-83, of France England Impact of the Hundred Year’s War War of the Roses, ended in 1485 Henry VII, 1485-1509, started the Tudor Dynasty Abolished private armies Spain Isabella of Castile, 1474-1504 Ferdinand of Aragon, 1479-1516 Religious uniformity led to persecutions of Jews and Muslims The State in the Renaissance: Central and Eastern Europe Holy Roman Empire After 1438, Habsburgs become the Holy Roman Emperors Ruled collective possessions known as Austria Eastern Europe Rulers struggled to achieve centralization of territorial states Religious difficulties -- Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, and other groups such as the Mongols Russia Ivan III, 1462-1505 the Russian state was born Annexed other Russian principalities Threw off the Mongols in 1480 Discussion Questions How was the Roman Christian Church organized? How did fief holding develop? How did the Huns, Bulgars, Avars, and Magyars affect the development of central and eastern Europe? How did the revival of trade influence the growth of cities? How did the political instability of the fourteenth century contribute to the decline of feudal society? What conditions in Italy contributed to the emergence of the Renaissance? What were the major political trends of the fifteenth century?