Transcript Medieval Ages - Cabarrus County Schools

Periodization
Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000
High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250
Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500
Europe in the 6c
The Medieval Catholic Church
 filled the power vacuum left from the
collapse of the classical world.
 monasticism:
 St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of
poverty, chastity, and obedience.
 provided schools for the children of
the upper class.
 inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war.
 libraries & scriptoria to copy books
and illuminate manuscripts.
 monks  missionaries to the
barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface]
The Power of the Medieval Church
 bishops and abbots played a large part in
the feudal system.
 the church controlled about 1/3 of the
land in Western Europe.
 tried to curb feudal warfare  only 40
days a year for combat.
 curb heresies  crusades; Inquisition
 tithe  1/10 tax on your assets given to
the church.
 Peter’s Pence  1 penny per person
[paid by the peasants].
A Medieval Monk’s Day
A Medieval Monastery: The Scriptorium
Illuminated Manuscripts
Romanesque Architectural Style
 Rounded Arches.
 Barrel vaults.
 Thick walls.
 Darker, simplistic interiors.
 Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.
Charlemagne: 742 to 814
Charlemagne’s Empire
Pope Crowned Charlemagne
Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800
The Carolingian Renaissance
Carolingian Miniscule
The Rise of European Monarchies:
England
Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:
Treaty of Verdun, 843
Feudalism
A political, economic, and social
system based on loyalty and
military service.
Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle
Parts of a Medieval Castle
The Road to Knighthood
KNIGHT
SQUIRE
PAGE
Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior
The Medieval Manor
Life on the Medieval Manor
Serfs at work
William the Conqueror:
Battle of Hastings, 1066
(Bayeaux Tapestry)
Evolution of England’s Political System
 Henry I:
 William’s son.
 set up a court system.
 Exchequer  dept. of royal finances.
 Henry II:
 established the principle of common law
throughout the kingdom.
 grand jury.
 trial by jury.
Evolution of England’s Political System
 Henry I:
 William’s son.
 set up a court system.
 Exchequer  dept. of royal finances.
 Henry II:
 established the principle of common law
throughout the kingdom.
 grand jury.
 trial by jury.
Magna Carta, 1215
 King John I
 Runnymeade
 “Great Charter”
 monarchs were not
above the law.
 kings had to
consult a council of
advisors.
 kings could not tax
arbitrarily.
The Beginnings of the British Parliament
 Great Council:
 middle class merchants, townspeople
[burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr.,
burghers in Ger.] were added at the
end of the 13c.
 eventually called Parliament.
 by 1400, two chambers evolved:
o House of Lords  nobles & clergy.
o House of Commons  knights and
burgesses.
The Rise of European Monarchies:
France
Gothic Architectural Style
 Pointed arches.
 High, narrow
vaults.
 Thinner walls.
 Flying buttresses.
 Elaborate, ornate,
airier interiors.
 Stained-glass windows.
“Flying” Buttresses
Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade
Setting Out on Crusade
Christian Crusades: East and West
Medieval Universities
Oxford University
Late Medieval Town Dwellings
Medieval Trade
Medieval Guilds
Guild Hall
 Commercial Monopoly:
 Controlled membership
apprentice  journeyman  master craftsman
 Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].
 Controlled prices
Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s Shop
Crest of a Cooper’s Guild
Late Medieval
Europe
1300-1450
More than you ever wanted to know about
the Anglo-French connections
• Roots in the Norman Conquest of England in 1066 (Battle of
Hastings)
• French dukes of Normandy retained lands in France and held title of
“King of England”
• French kings were weak feudal lords holding little authority outside
of Île de France (Paris and the surrounding countryside)
• French aristocracy often married their daughters off to the sons of
the kings of England, further complicating dynastic alliances
– Eleanor of Aquitaine: m. Louis IX of France, then Henry II of England
(large French province become English land)
– Isabella of Angoulême: m. John I, mother to Henry III
– Eleanor of Provence: m. Henry III, mother to Edward I
– Isabella of France: m Edward II, mother to Edward III, overthrew
husband with aid of her lover, Roger Mortimer, imprisoned by her son
• Edward III was heir to properties in France which made him a threat
to French royal power, in addition to his claim to the throne
100 Years’ War
• Death of Charles IV of
France, last Capetian
king, no surviving male
heirs
• Edward III of England
claims the throne of
France through his
mother’s line.
• Claim denied by France
due to Salic Law, rule
passes to Philip VI Valois
• Edward III goes to war
with Philip VI to claim the
throne of France
100 Year’s War (1337-1453)
• Major Players:
– England: Edward III, Edward the Black Prince,
Henry IV, Henry V
– France: Philip (Phillippe) VI of Valois
– Flanders: sought independence from French
rule; early role in the war
– Burgundy: rival for control of France; aided
Henry V; eventually a Hapsburg possession;
Cf. Huizinga’s Autumn of the Middle Ages
Major territorial gains
• 1328: Pre-war land
status
• 1382: English losses
reason for overthrow
of Richard II
• 1430: Henry V of
England allied with
Burgundians
• 1470: Post-war
situation
Major Battles and Happenings
• Battles:
– Crecy: longbow > cavalry
– Poitiers: Black Prince
– Agincourt: Heroic win for
Henry V
– Orleans: Joan of Arc
• Black Death: 1356-9
• Peasant’s Revolt: 1381
• Babylonian Captivity of
the Papacy: 1305-1378
Black Death
• Not quite known exact origins or nature of
disease, even today
• Bubonic plague / anthrax combination?
• Thought to be spread by rats
• Caused the death of 33% to 50% of Europe
Reactions to the Black Death
• What are the two
main reactions to
tragedy?
– Decameron,
Boccaccio
• How would a
worldwide plague
affect the world
today?
• Who benefits from
such a plague?
English Peasant’s Revolt, 1381
• Spurred by John Ball,
Lollard priest
• Led by Wat Tyler,killed as
a rebel
• Lollards
–
–
–
–
–
John Wycliffe’s followers
Bible in English
Called for reform of Church
“Church of the Saved”
Association with revolt
drove it underground
Babylonian Captivity
• First things: Roman Catholic
Church hierarchy
–
–
–
–
–
Priests/monks
Bishops/abbots
Archbishops
(Cardinals)
Pope (Bishop of Rome)
• Pope’s political position
– Ruler of Papal States
– Needed to maintain armies to
hold position
– Often threatened by Germanic,
French, and Italian city-states
Move to Avignon
• Ostensibly, Roman patrician families
battling for influence deposed Pope
Boniface VIII
• Influence of French cardinals caused
election of Clement V, a Frenchman.
• Clement V elected to reside in Avignon
• Perception was that the popes made
decisions at behest of King of France
Critics
• England, at war with
France, resented papal
judgments on behalf of
France
• Marsiglio of Padua
– Defensor Pacis
– 1st to write for a separation
of church and state
• William of Ockham
– Ockham’s Razor
– Accused Pope John XXII of
heresy
Papacy restored to Rome
•
•
•
Catherine of Siena intervened, pleading for papal return
to Rome
Great Western Schism of 1378-1417
Rise of Conciliar Movement
Social History
• Race deals with
nationality, not skin
color
• What is a nation?
• Statute of Kilkenny:
“No marriages
between those of
immigrant and native
stock”
Vernacular Literature
• (Divine) Comedy
– Dante Alighieri
– Italian: Il Commedia
– Journey through hell to heaven
• Canterbury Tales
– Geoffrey Chaucer
– English; pilgrimage stories
• The City of Ladies
– Christine di Pisan
– First “feminist” writings; shows
influence of women in stabilizing
court culture