Transcript The English Civil War

British History (Part III)
By Han Linye
The School of English Studies
Chapter Outline
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
III. Transition to the Modern Period
Henry VIII and the English Reformation
Elizabeth I and English Renaissance
James I
Charles I and The Civil Wars
Oliver Cromwell
The Glorious Revolution
Monarchy
['mɔnəki]
The Tudor Monarchy
• Henry VII (House of Tudor) ascended the
throne after the ending of the Wars of
Roses.
• Five Tudor monarchs (Henry VII, Henry VIII,
Edward VI, Queen Mary and Queen
Elizabeth I) ruled England and Wales from
1485 to 1603.
House of Tudor
Henry VII
Henry VIII
Edward VI
Mary I
Elizabeth I
Tudor Monarchy (1485 – 1603)
A transitional stage from feudalism to capitalism in
English history:
• Big feudal households destroyed as a result of the
Wars of the Roses;
• New-born bourgeoisie began to rise;
• Trade and industry developed tremendously: the
clothing industry & the foreign trade
• Witnessed a series of significant historical
events—the English Reformation, the English
Renaissance, Enclosure Movement, discovery of
America
1) Henry VII (1485-1509)
• Forbidding the nobles
to
keep
excessive
power
• Keeping peace at home
and abroad by marriage
alliances
• Building up England’s
navy and foreign trade
Marriage Alliances by Henry VII
• Married Elizabeth of York so as to unite
England
• Betrothed the Prince of Wales—Arthur to
Catherine of Aragon, a Spanish princess
• Betrothed his younger son—Henry to
Catherine of Aragon again, after Arthur’s
death
• Married his two daughters to king of Scotland
and king of France
Lancaster Red Rose
Tudor Rose
York White Rose
Henry VII
• Challenges:
—conflicts among English lords;
—conflicts between England &France
• Spent money on education: brought in scholars from
France, Italy etc.
• Renaissance began to spread to England
• Sponsored overseas exploration: John Cabot—sailed
to Canada and the U.S. eastern coast
2)Henry VIII (1509-1547)
• The reign of Henry VIII was
marked by his break with
the Roman Catholic Church
for not granting him a
divorce from his first wife,
Catherine
of
Aragón.
Henry declared himself
Supreme Head of the
Church
of
England,
initiating the Reformation
in England.
Henry VIII
• Frivolous image (six wives)
• Strengthened control over borders and local
governments
• Appointed Justices of the Peace with full power
over law and administration in the rural areas
• Be friendly with two superpowers: France and
Spain
• Started the reform of the Church of England
English Reformation
• Cause: King Henry VIII applied to Pope for a
permission to divorce Catherine (aunt of Spanish
King) to marry Anne Boleyn, but was rejected.
• Purpose: cut England’s religious connection with
the Pope and make an independent Church of
England—the Anglican Church (the new Church of
England).
• Measures: declared the independence of Church
of England; took the title Supreme Head of the
Church of England; took away the property of the
monks and sacked all the monasteries—
“Dissolution”
3) Edward VI (1547-1553)
Protestant
['prɔtistənt]
Edward VI
• Became King at 9; died at 15;
• Parliamentary acts during his reign changed
England’s religious practices and sent England on
its way to becoming a Protestant nation.
• English replaced Latin in church.
• The Anglican prayer book, Book of Common
Prayer, became required in public worship.
4) Mary I (1553-1558)
Bloody Mary
• Mary I, Edward’s half sister; a devout Catholic
• Mary restored Catholic practices and papal
authority to the Church of England.
• Mary married her Spanish cousin, Phillip II,
making England a part of the powerful Spanish
state. (During this period of nationalism, many
found her acts unpatriotic.)
• Mary also persecuted Protestants: she ordered
the execution of 300 Protestants during her
reign, strengthening anti-Catholic sentiment in
England.
5) Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
Elizabeth I
• After Mary’s five year reign, her half-sister,
Elizabeth came to the throne.
• Elizabeth was the last of the Tudors, dying
unmarried and childless.
• Her reign—a time of great prosperity and
achievement is known as the Elizabethan Age.
• Elizabeth received a Renaissance education,
became a patron of the arts, and Elizabethan came
to describe the English Renaissance at its height.
Elizabeth I
• Well-educated by famous scholars; received
training in rhetoric and public speaking;
• A good command of Greek, Latin, French, Italian,
and Spanish;
• Broad intellectual interests: history, science
philosophy, art, literature, music, and dancing;
• Under her rule, England experienced a true
cultural reawakening or renaissance: greatest
writers found encouragement and financial aid;
Oxford and Cambridge Unis were reorganized and
chartered;
Challenges for Elizabeth I
• Faced with challenges and threats, militarily,
religiously and personally, Queen Elizabeth I
proved to be a strong leader and an astute
politician, who successfully solved one problem
after another.
• Now let’s suppose if you were her, what would
you have done?...try a game here
Religious Policy
• Her religious reform was a compromise of
views; instituted a policy of religious
moderation; ended religious turmoil;
• Reestablished the monarch’s supremacy in
the Church of England; repudiated the
Papal Supremacy by declaring herself as
“defender of the faith” in England;
• Restored the independence of the Church of
England;
• Kept to Catholic doctrines and practices;
• Restored the Book of Common Prayer (the
English selection of the Bible).
Foreign Affairs
• France and Spain, England’s two greatest rivals,
often worked with Catholic factions in England.
• Both nations fought to dominate England.
• Elizabeth and her counselors played one side
against the other, using offers of marriage as bait.
• This cleverness allowed England a period of peace
and allowed commercial and maritime interests to
prosper.
England vs. Spain
• Avoided open hostility with Spain but encouraged
English Seadogs to raid Spanish colonies and ships;
granted charters to the charted companies
(e.g.East India Company)
• Spain rejected English claims in America and
resented the fact that English privateers had been
attacking and plundering Spanish ships.
• Privateers like John Hawkins and Francis Drake
operated “on their own,” but were really under
the authority of Queen Elizabeth.
Mary, Queen of Scots
• Elizabeth’s Catholic cousin, Mary Stuart;
queen of Scotland by birth and next in line
to the British throne (granddaughter of
Henry VII)
• Catholics did not recognize Henry VIII’s
marriage to Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth’s
mother, and considered Mary Stuart the
queen.
Henry VII
Arthur
Henry VIII
Mary I
Elizabeth I
Margret
Edward VI
James V
King of Scotland
Mary
Margret
Mary
Queen of Scots
Henry Stuart
Lord Darnley
• Mary was a prisoner of England for 19 years and
the center of numerous plots on Elizabeth’s life.
• Eventually Mary was convicted of plotting to
murder Elizabeth and beheaded in 1587, a
Catholic martyr.
• “In my end is my beginning”—Mary’s death led
Catholic Spain to declare war on England.
The Spanish Armada
• After Mary’s execution, King Phillip II prepared
a Spanish armada of 130 warships to attack
England.
• In 1588, English sailors defeated the Armada
in the English Channel.
• This event marked the decline of Spain and
the rise of England as a great sea power.
Destruction of the Armada
• The Spanish King Philip
dispatched the Armada
(the Invincible Fleet) (a
fleet of 130 vessels) to
England.
• The English battleships
fought back with fire
ships.
• Only half of the vessels
struggled back to Spain
and never to invade
England again.
Destruction of the Armada
• Weakened one of England’s major rivals
• Established England as a major sea power
and paved the way for its foreign
expansion
• Elizabeth I: regarded as the foundationlayer of the British Empire
Renaissance:
• The Renaissance began in Italy in the early
14th century, with Leonardo Da Vinci as its
representative figure.
• In England, the Renaissance began with
the accession of the House of Tudor to the
throne in 1485. The date was close to that
of the introduction of printing into
England by William Caxton.
The English Renaissance
• Architects designed beautiful mansions;
• Composers wrote new hymns for Anglican
service and popularized the English madrigal;
• Renaissance painters and sculptors moved to
England (Hans Holbein the Younger was court
painter to Henry VIII);
• Opened public schools (like private secondary
schools today);
• Improvements at Oxford and Cambridge.
Elizabethan Drama
• Christopher Marlowe: was the first major
Elizabethan dramatist.
• Marlowe may have rivaled Shakespeare as
England’s greatest playwright had he lived
past thirty.
• William Shakespeare: “He was not of an age
but for all time.”
Christopher
Marlowe
William Shakespeare
• Shakespeare began his involvement with
the theater as an actor.
• By 1592, he was a popular playwright
whose works had been performed at
Elizabeth’s court.
• Shakespeare wrote thirty-seven plays: nine
tragedies, several comedies, ten histories,
and a number of play classified as tragic
comedies.
Characteristics of the English
Renaissance
• 1)English culture was revitalized more directly by
contemporary Europeans under the influence of
the classics;
• 2)Britain followed a different course on social and
political fronts.
• 3)The native literature experience a period of
prosperity. Such literature was artistic rather than
philosophical.
• 4)The
Renaissance
coincided
with
the
Reformation in England.
From Tudors to Stuarts
• Elizabeth’s death marked the end of the
Tudor dynasty.
• To avoid civil strife, Elizabeth named King
James VI of Scotland her successor (son of
Queen Mary of Scots and Lord Darnley).
• James was a Protestant.
• The reign of James I (1603-1625) is now
known as the Jacobean Era.
James I
(1603-1625)
• His rule united
both
nations
under a single
monarchy, which
eventually
resulted in the
creation of the
United Kingdom.
House of Stuart
James VI
&I
Charles I
Charles II
Elizabeth
James II
Henry
Sophia
Mary II
William III
Anne
George I
Religious conflicts
• The reign of James I was full of religious
controversy:
— conflicts between Protestants and Catholics
— conflicts between Anglicans and Puritans
• Persecuted Puritans (House of Commons)—
James’s persecution prompted a group of Puritans
to establish Plymouth colony in 1621
• Harsh on Catholics: drove Catholic priests away
from England
Gunpowder Plot of 1605
• One of the major Catholic
conspiracies against James
I;
• Radical Catholics placed
barrels of gunpowder in a
cellar of the Parliament
House. Guy Fawkes was
chosen to detonate the
explosive on November 5.
The plot was betrayed and
Guy Fawkes was arrested.
Gunpowder Plot of 1605
• Immediate effect: the
execution of Fawkes
and the imposition of
severe anti-Catholic
laws.
• Long-term result: an
annual celebration on
Nov. 5 as a night
bonfire festival (the
Guy Fawkes Day) on
which Guy Fawkes
was burnt in effigy.
James I
• Clung to the doctrine of “Divine Rights of King”
and had contempt for Parliament (power struggle)
• Defender of the Church of England: A new
translation of the Bible published in 1611 the
King James Version/Authorized Version
• Sponsored the establishment of the first English
colony in America—Jamestown
• Strong supporter of the arts: Shakespeare’s
patron
• Wrote a number of books on varied subjects—
the wisest fool in Europe (foolish in terms of
politics)
Essay of King James I
• A Counterblast to
Tobacco:
Smoking is …
“loathsome to the eye,
hateful to the nose,
harmful to the brain,
and dangerous to the
lungs.”
Charles I
(1625-1649)
Charles I
• Charles believed in the divine right of kings and did
not feel accountable to Parliament.
• His behavior provoked the English Revolution, which
was fought between the armies of the king and those
of Parliament.
• Defeated and convicted of treason by Parliament,
Charles was beheaded in January 1649.
Charles I
• Disastrous relations with
the Parliament;
• Followed a pro-Catholicism
policy;
• In 1628, Charles I was
forced to accept the
Petition of Rights, which
was regarded as the
second Magna Carta. It did
not allow the king to
receive money and collect
taxes without consent of
Parliament.
Short Parliament
To raise the money for the sudden war
with the Scottish rebels, Charles I
summoned Parliament in April 1640. The
Parliament made use of the money
problem to start fierce criticism of the
King’s policy. Charles I dissolved the
Parliament which had been in existence
for only two weeks.
Long Parliament
• In Nov.1640, Charles I
summoned
another
Parliament and this
Parliament continued to
exist for 20 years
without being dissolved
and it introduced a
series of measures to
limit the authority of
the King.
The English Civil War
• Arose from the conflicts between the Parliament
and the King;
• Charles I strong belief in “the Divine right of the
Kings”; acted against the Petition of Right;
• The struggle for control of the military force;
• The contradiction between Catholicism and
Puritanism;
• The Parliament resorted to war to establish its
supremacy over the Crown.
English Civil War
• fought between
feudal England and
bourgeois England
• fought between
Catholics and
Puritans
• fought between
Cavaliers and
Roundheads
Oliver Cromwell
• A member of England’s Parliament and a dedicated
Puritan, Oliver Cromwell led his forces to victory
against King Charles’s army and succeeded the civil
war in 1646.
• Even though he had no military experience, Cromwell
turned out to be a brilliant cavalry leader.
• Charles I was deposed and beheaded in 1649.
• The defeat and subsequent execution of the king in
1649 left Cromwell as virtual dictator over England.
Commonwealth Britain
(1649-1658)
• After Charles I was
beheaded,
the
House of Commons
proclaimed England
to be thereafter a
Commonwealth (a
republic)
without
the king and House
of
Lords
and
Cromwell was made
Lord Protector.
Charles II
• After the death of Cromwell, his son found
himself unable to carry on government and
abdicated.
• Political power was left in the hands of soldiers
and these soldiers could not control the situation
and a new parliament was assembled.
• The new parliament negotiated with the son of
Charles I and he mounted the throne and
became Charles II, putting an end to the
Republic.
Charles II & Restoration
(1660-1685)
• A man of shrewdness;
cooperated with the
Parliament;
• Favored
toleration
instead of persecution;
• Cavaliers—Tories
(conservatives)
;
Roundheads—Whigs
(bourgeoisie)
James II
(1685-1688)
• Charles II was succeeded by his brother James II.
• Inclined to revive Catholicism in England;
• His readiness to re-establish Catholicism
alienated him from his subjects, esp. the
bourgeoisie.
• A group of bourgeoisie decided to dethrone
James II and invited his protestant daughter and
son-in-law William (head of United Netherlands)
to replace him.
James II
• James II converted to
Roman Catholicism in
Protestant England and
fought several bloody
power struggles to hold
onto his throne. His
daughter Mary and sonin-law, William of Orange,
finally overthrew him.
The Glorious Revolution
1688
• William of Orange and Mary
Stuart were invited to take
the English throne.
• The new sovereigns took
over the power without any
bloodshed
(the
White
Revolution) and received
the crown from the
Parliament.
• James II fled to France.
The Glorious Revolution
• It marked the transition from feudalism
towards capitalism.
• It settled the religious and political
problem by confirming the principle of
parliamentary supremacy.
• It ushered in the age of constitutional
monarchy.
Queen Anne
(1702-1707)
• Queen of England,
Scotland, and
Ireland, based
much of her
administration on
the advice of her
ministers.
Queen Anne
• William III and Mary were childless.
• Anne, Mary’s sister, succeeded to the throne in 1702.
Anne had no children, and her ministers, fearful that
Scotland might ally with the French following her death,
pressured the Scottish Parliament into agreeing to merge
the two nations into a single kingdom.
• Anne’s ministers threatened the Scottish Parliament that
they would stop all trade with Scotland and capture
Scottish ships traded with France. These threats led the
Scots accept the Act of Union of 1707. Thus Great Britain
was born.