Transcript File - AP World History

The Middle Ages
(Medieval Europe)
SOL WHI.9
Ancient World History:
Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 10
What are the Middle Ages?
• The Middle
Ages are the
period in
Europe between
500 and 1500
AD, after the
decline of the
Roman Empire.
• During this
period Europe
remained
fragmented.
What trends emerged as a result of
repeated Germanic invasions?
• Because of the
Germanic
invasions
– trade was disrupted
– money became
scarce
– cities were
abandoned and
declined
– the population
shifted as people
moved out of cities
to the country (most
of Europe was
rural).
How were the Germanic tribes different from
the united Roman Empire (think
languages, learning, concept of
government)?
• Germanic tribes couldn’t
read or write.
• They didn’t preserve
Greek or Latin learning.
• Mainly only church officials
could read.
• They had no common
language (Romans had
Latin)
– Each tribe or region
spoke a different
language.
• Family ties and personal
loyalty were more
important than citizenship.
Who is Clovis and what did he do?
Who are the Franks?
• Clovis is the leader of the
Franks who united a
Frankish kingdom.
– He converted to
Christianity and helped
spread it in Europe by
forming an alliance with the
Roman Catholic Church.
• The Franks are the
Germanic tribe from Gaul
which unified the region
under one leader and
helped spread
Christianity through
Europe.
How was Christianity spread to
the Germanic peoples?
• Christianity was spread by
Frankish rulers who encouraged
conversion for those they ruled.
• People in southern Europe who
feared Muslim attacks converted
in order to gain the protection of
the Catholic Church.
• Christianity also spread because
of missionaries, or religious
travelers, who spread went
among the Germanic and Celtic
tribes and spread their beliefs.
What is a monastery and what is a convent?
What were they like and why were they
important?
• A monastery and a convent are
religious communities for men
and women.
– These religious people gave up
their material possessions and led
a holy life (praying, helping others,
etc.).
• They are important because
they became Europe’s besteducated communities
– they opened schools
– copied books (illuminated
manuscripts=highly decorated
copies of texts)
– maintained libraries.
How did Gregory I expand papal
power?
• Gregory I (aka Gregory the Great)
expanded papal power by making
the church a SECULAR as well as
religious power.
– The Church became the center of
Roman government
– The Pope acted as Mayor
– Gregory negotiated treaties, raised
armies, helped the poor, and
repaired roads.
• He believed that Christendom (or
the Christian peoples)
encompassed the area from Rome
to the farthest Churches and that
he, as Pope, was in charge of all of
it.
What is the Merovingian
Dynasty?
• The
Merovingian
Dynasty was
the ruling
family of
Clovis and his
descendents
who united
many peoples
under
Frankish rule.
Who is Charles Martel and what
did he accomplish?
• Charles Martel (The Hammer)
was the ‘mayor of the palace’ who
became more powerful than the
Frankish king.
• He took power and extended the
Frankish empire and defeated the
Muslims at the Battle of Tours
(stopping the spread of Islam).
• He passed down power to his son
Pepin the Short who was anointed
“King by the grace of God” by the
pope and started the Carolingian
dynasty.
What is the Carolingian Dynasty?
Who is Charles Martel’s son and grandson
who expanded Frankish rule?
• The Carolingian
dynasty is the
Frankish family
who united and
strengthened the
Franks.
• It started with
Charles Martel,
his son Pepin,
and his grandson
Charlemagne
(Charles the
Great).
What did Charlemagne do to
expand his empire?
• Charlemagne expanded
his empire by conquering
surrounding lands.
• He spread Christianity
and reunited Western
Europe for the first time
since the Roman Empire.
• Charlemagne’s empire
included two thirds of
Italy, France, part of
Spain, and German
Saxony.
When was Charlemagne crowned
the Holy Roman Emperor and by
whom?
• Charlemagne was crowned Holy Roman
Emperor in 800 AD by Pope Leo III.
• This strengthened the papacy and the church by
giving them the political power to name secular
rulers.
How did Charlemagne govern his
territory?
• Charlemagne limited
the power of the nobles
so that they couldn’t
threaten his rule.
• He also sent out royal
agents to make sure
nobles were governing
their land justly.
• He kept a close watch
on the management of
his huge estates.
How did Charlemagne revive
culture?
• Charlemagne revived Greco-Roman culture by
encouraging learning.
– He surrounded himself with English, German, Italian, and
Spanish scholars.
– He opened a palace school and ordered monasteries to open
schools to train priests and monks.
What happened to Charlemagne’s empire
after his death (mention Treaty of
Verdun)?
• After Charlemagne’s
death civil war broke out
among his three sons.
• The Treaty of Verdun
was signed in 843 and
divided the empire.
• This weakened the
power of the Carolingian
kings.
• A line of weak rulers led
to the breakdown of the
empire which resulted in
a new system of
governing and
landholding called
feudalism.
What is feudalism and why did it take
root in Medieval Europe?
• Feudalism is a military
and political system based
on land ownership and
personal loyalty.
• Mutual obligations existed
between those who
owned land and those that
worked or fought for them.
• Feudalism took root in
medieval Europe because
of the political turmoil and
constant warfare.
– When central power broke
down people needed
protection from local
landowners.
Who are the Vikings? Where did they raid
and then eventually start to settle?
• The Vikings are the
invaders from
Scandinavia who
invaded the continent
from Western Europe
all the way to Russia
where they began to
settle.
– They’re also known as
Northmen or
Norsemen.
Who are the Magyars? Where were they
from and where did they raid?
• The Magyars are nomadic invaders from
central Asia who invaded Western Europe
and who eventually settled in Hungary.
How did the invasions of the Angles and Saxons (from
continental Europe to England), the Magyars (from
central Asia to Hungary), and the Vikings (from
Scandinavia to Russia) influence the development of
Europe?
• The invasions of the Angles and Saxons,
the Magyars, and the Vikings caused
widespread disorder and suffering in
Europe.
– People no longer looked to the powerless
central authorities but turned instead to their
local leaders who had their own armies.
– Local leaders gained followers and strength,
which led to the development of feudalism.
The Feudal System was based on mutual
feudal obligations. Describe the following
groups:
–
–
–
Lord: the lord is the landowner
who gave land (called a fief) in
exchange for military
protection of other services.
Vassal: the vassal is the
person who received the fief
from the lord and owed
services and loyalty to him.
Serf: the serf is the peasant
and serfs made up the
majority of the population.
They were not lawfully
allowed to leave the land they
were born on. They owed
labor and goods to the lords
or landowners.
The social classes of Medieval Europe were rigid and
consisted of those who fought (knights), those who
prayed (clergy), and those who worked (peasants).
Draw the Feudal pyramid.
• King-the lord
• Vassals-wealthy
landowners (clergy
and nobles)
• Knights-mounted
warriors
• Peasants-serfs and
poor workers
King
Nobles/Clergy
Vassals (Knights)
Peasants and Serfs
What is a manor? Describe the manor
and life for those who lived there.
• The manor is the lord’s
estate and is completely
self-sufficient. The
manor system is the
social and economic
system which, like
feudalism, is based on
obligations.
• The lord gives peasants
land to work, housing,
and protection.
• The peasants tend the
land and animals and
perform other tasks.
• Manor life was difficult
for peasants and serfs
who paid high taxes and
owed hard manual labor
to the lords.
How did peasants feel about the hardships
they endured?
• Peasants lives were hard.
– They lived in one to two room cottages with dirt floors and no heating.
– They slept on straw mats, ate mostly vegetables (very little meat), coarse
brown bread, grain, cheese, and soup.
• Serfs accepted their lot in life as part of the church’s teachings.
– They believed that God had determined a person’s place in life so they
had to accept it.
Why were knights so important? What did they
get in exchange for their military service?
• Knights were important
because they provided
protection for lords and
their serfs.
– As mounted warriors they
could knock over enemy
foot soldiers as well as
other riders on horseback.
• In exchange for their
military service they were
given land grants (aka
fiefs).
What code of ideals were knights expected to
follow? What three masters must they
fight bravely to defend? What
characteristics should they exhibit?
• The code which knights were expected to
follow was the code of chivalry.
– Knights had three masters they must serve
including God (heavenly lord), their feudal
lord, and a chosen lady.
• The characteristics of a good knight were
loyalty, bravery, and courteousness.
– They should also protect the weak and poor
but they were usually cruel to the lower
classes.
How did knights train for military
service?
• Knights trained for military service by gaining
experience in local wars.
• They also wrestled and hunted for practice and
took part in tournaments.
– Tournaments held competitive war games so knights
could work on their fighting skills.
– Games included mock battles and jousting.
Why were castles built across Europe
(what is their function)?
• Castles were built
across Europe in
order to provide
protection for
lords and their
serfs.
– Castles were built
with and
surrounded by
massive walls and
guard towers in
order to protect
the estate from
invaders or rival
lords.
What is the Song of Roland?
What is a troubadour?
• The Song of Roland is
one of the earliest
medieval poems.
– It glorified castle life and
knighthood.
• A troubadour is a poetmusician who
composed short verses
or songs about the trials
and tribulations of love.
– They performed for the
courts and in the castles
of medieval Europe.
What was the role of women in medieval society? How
did the church view women? What rights did
noblewomen have? Why did women’s power
decline in this period?
• The role of medieval women declined. The low
class women were poor and powerless.
– They performed endless labor and were expected to
bear children and take care of their family.
• The church viewed women as inferior to men.
• Noblewomen had more rights than poor women.
– They could inherit an estate from a husband, send
soldiers to war, and even command knights while her
husband was away.
• Women’s power declined during the medieval
period because the church taught that women
were inferior.
How did Pope Gelatius view church and
secular power? How did the church’s crowning
of Charlemagne in 800 change things?
• Pope Gelatius believed that the Catholic church
should deal in spiritual matters only and that the
secular powers (kings and nobles) should deal
with worldly matters.
– He believed that church and state should stay
separate.
• The crowning of Charlemagne in 800 AD by
Pope Leo III made the Church not only a
spiritual power but also a secular power
– Now the Church sought to influence political matters
as well as spiritual matters.
Describe the church’s
organization.
• The church had different ranks
of clergy (religious officials).
– Pope: serves as leader over
bishops and priests.
– Bishops: oversees all the priests
in certain assigned areas of land.
Bishops gather to settle disputes
over teachings and practices and
tell the priests what to teach the
people.
– Priests-minister to the people in
villages, towns, etc.
How did the church serve as a unifying force in
medieval Europe? What the sacraments?
• The Church was a unifying force in medieval Europe
because the people were bound by their shared
Christian beliefs.
– During periods of war and uncertainty the Church provided
stability and gave people a sense of security.
– The Church gave people something to belong to and also
served as the center of socialization.
• Sacraments are the important religious ceremonies
administered by the clergy and they are needed for
salvation.
– The sacraments are: baptism, confession, communion,
confirmation, marriage, holy orders, and last rites.
What is Canon Law? What punishments could
the church inflict on disobedient kings?
• Canon law is the law of the church.
• If a king disobeys the canon law the
Church can
– excommunicate the king (banish them from
the church)
– place the king’s land under interdict (this
means that no sacraments or religious
services could be performed in that land).
• This means that no one in the king’s land could go
to heaven because they wouldn’t be able to
receive the sacraments.
What is the Holy Roman Empire? Who is
Otto I and what did he do?
• The Holy Roman Empire was the
strongest empire to arise from
Charlemagne’s divided empire.
• Otto I (aka Otto the Great) was the ruler of
Germany who gained great power and
created the Holy Roman Empire.
– Otto limited the power of the nobles and
created an alliance with the Church.
What is lay investiture and what
conflict arose over it?
• Lay investiture is a ceremony in which
kings and nobles appoint church officials.
– Naming church officials was important
because bishops held a lot of power.
– Pope Gregory VII banned lay investiture so
that only the Church could appoint bishops.
• The German emperor Henry IV defied
Gregory VII and was excommunicated.
What happened at Canossa?
• After his excommunication Henry was
afraid of losing his power so he begged
Pope Gregory VII to forgive him.
• Though Henry VII was forgiven the issue
of lay investiture wasn’t resolved.
What is the Concordat of Worms? Did it
resolve the problems surrounding lay
investiture?
• The Concordat of Worms (1122) was a
meeting meant to solve the lay investiture
issue.
• They decided that only the Church could
name the bishops and emperors could
veto the Church’s appointment.
• This didn’t really solve the problem but it
was a compromise that managed to keep
the peace.
Who is Frederick I and what did
he do?
• Frederick I, nicknamed “Barbarossa”
because of his red beard, was a German
king (and thus the Holy Roman Emperor).
• By attacking Italy he made enemies there
and angered the Pope.
– Italian nobles and the Church joined forces
and defeated Frederick I in battle.
– Frederick lost power and the Holy Roman
Empire fell apart after his death.
Why did Germany remain divided
during the Middle Ages?
• Germany remained divided during the rest
of the Middle Ages because of constant
warfare and conflict with Italy and the
Pope.
• Also, royal German authority was
weakened by strong German princes who
controlled more land than the king.