Transcript Chapter 1
Chapter 1: Times of Change UNIT 1: RENAISSANCE EUROPE Inquiry Question In what ways can changing social structures affect a society’s worldview? Vocabulary Feudalism Hierarchy Allegiance Manors Freeman Serfs Monastery Journeyman Sumptuary Laws BLACK DEATH AKA Bubonic Plague. End of Middle Ages (1347). Merchant ships arriving from Black Sea. Dead and dying sailors. Reappeared minimum six more times (1410). 1/3 to 1/2 (25 Million) dead. HOW DID IT SPREAD? One theory: Tartars attacked the trading post of Caffa. People were walled in and starved. Tartars started dying and catapulted dead bodies. Fled on ships. Fleas bite animals and humans TYPES OF BLACK DEATH Three forms Septicemic Plague Bubonic Plague Pneumonic Plague Most common was Bubonic Plague Up to 75% infected died. Black Death Dead Living THE PATH OF DEATH EFFECT ON EUROPE Worst effect – 1347 to 1351 25 million dead SYMPTOMS Enlarged lymph nodes. Arm pits, neck, groin area. High fever. Nausea. Vomiting. Aching joints. 4 days most. EXPLANATIONS Did not realize disease had to do with cleanliness Some were convinced that the plague resulted from the movements of the planets Saturn, Jupiter and Mars. Other people thought that the plague was a punishment sent by God. Others believed that it was caused by the devil or magic. Others believed that burning incense would purify the air and keep the plague away. Still others blamed cultural or ethnic groups of people different from their own group. Still exists Hunters in BC and Alberta (Isolated). Cats and dogs found to have it. W.H.O reports up to 3000 each year. Antibiotics. What if half the people in Canada suddenly died of a terrible disease, how do you think this would affect society? Question beliefs, behavior, or values. Looking for answers. Become cautious. Greater value on science. Spend time with loved ones. Huge problems in economy and society. A CHANGING SOCIETY Feudalism A hierarchy. People ranked by importance. Born into and stayed there. Based on land, loyalty, duty. Allegiance to king. MEDIEVAL COUNTRY LIFE Most people lived in rural villages. Manor Peasants assigned land to harvest. Peasants worked cooperatively MEDIEVAL COUNTRY LIFE (CON’T) Peasants paid a portion to “Lord of the Manor” Had to build roads, clear forests. Worked hard MEDIEVAL COUNTRY LIFE (CON’T) Two types of peasants: Freemen Rented land from lord Worked for pay Serf Most of the peasants Not allowed to leave without permission Travel to nearest town Medieval towns were farm communities. Close to castle, palace, or monastery. Stone walls to protect themselves. Towns had shops. TOWN LIFE (CON’T) Dirty Crowded Rat-infested TOWN LIFE (CON’T) Provided freedom and new opportunities. Freedom to do whatever they wanted. Married whom they pleased. Made money. TOWN LIFE (CON’T) By law: Runaway serfs could gain freedom by staying in a town for one year and a day. TOWN LIFE (CON’T) Peasants opened workshops, learned trades, and worked as servants and labourers. TOWN LIFE (CON’T) Goods and trade organized by organizations called “guilds” Controlled prices, standards of quality, and decided who could apprentice. WOMEN IN MEDIEVAL SOCIETY What was the role of women in medieval socitey? RURAL WOMEN Had many children Worked in fields Made clothes Cooked meals Preserved food TOWN WOMEN Worked in trades Sold goods Able to inherit property and guild membership Could work in textiles and brewing WOMEN (CON’T) Wealthy women had many opportunities. School (away or home) WOMEN (CON’T) Negatives: Made few choices Marriages were arranged, often at birth CHALLENGES TO THE FEUDAL SYSTEM Hundred Years’ War In 1337, France and England went to war Lasted more than a century (Hundred Years’ War) HUNDRED YEARS WAR HUNDRED YEARS WAR Devastated the country sides of France and England. Peasants revolted due to high rents and taxes to finance the war. THE PEASANTS’ REVOLT French peasants were called “Jacques Bonhomme” Revolts ended brutally by authorities. Still unrest remained. THE BLACK DEATH Nobles who still had land rented or sold it to serfs. Serfs were released from obligation to lords Feudal System came undone. RING AROUND THE ROSES Nursery rhyme associated with the Black Death: Ring around the roses A pocketful of posies Atchoo, Atchoo, we all fall down “Roses” refer to the boils that developed “Posies” are flowers believed to avoid the Plague Sneezing was sign of Plague “We all fall down” refers to people dying OPTIONS FOR PEASANTS Stay where they know (security). Move to towns to start new life (adventure, opportunity). CHANGE IN ECONOMY Before black death After black death 200 serfs lived and worked on manors. Wages were low. 60 serfs died of plague or left for higher wages. Peasants demanded higher wages. To hire 80 workers for 300 days/year at 1 penny/day. 80 x 300 x 1 = 24 000 pennies Total expenses for year: 24 000 pennies. To hire 80 workers for 300 days/year at 3 pennies/day. 80 x 300 x 3 = 72 000 pennies Total expenses for year: 72 000 pennies. TIME AND MONEY Money was needed in the towns to buy things. As a result, people thought of time differently. TIME AND MONEY Activities ruled by rising and setting of sun and changing of seasons. Only people who needed exact time was Church – to pray. People used: Sun dials Water clocks Hourglasses Mechanical clocks invented because of towns. WEALTH IN SOCIETY Town and city (urban) people had opportunity to move up socially. New social structure developed. Middle class introduced. Based on money. Loved material possessions. This love for material possessions resulted in expansion of trade. Men’s wear WHO’S WHO Because peasants had money, the sumptuary law was introduced: Controlled consumption or how people spent their money. Restricted what people could wear in different classes. A NEW SOCIAL STRUCTURE Top Level: Aristocracy Middle Level: Middle Class Bottom Level: Lower Class High Church officials Merchants and businesses Peasants Rulers or lords Craftspeople Rural laborers Old noble families Shopkeepers Urban laborers Wealthy merchants Bankers Servants Priests The unemployed THE CHURCH Pope Archbishops Bishops Priests Parishioners Hierarchy Show obedience to group above What similarities can you see between the feudal system and the Church? EMPHASES ON… Between the year 900 and 1000, 1500 churches built in France Took hundreds to build a church In medieval towns, the tallest buildings were cathedrals. EDMONTON’S TALLEST EPCOR Tower Why so “small?” Floors: 28 Height: 149 m (490ft) Constructed: 2011 Municipal Airport Building height must be below 150m. What does EPCOR Tower tell us about our societal values? WHERE ARE YOU EPCOR TOWER? EPCOR Tower (Edmonton) THE RENAISSANCE After the Black Death Means “rebirth of classical knowledge and learning.” Started in Italy. WORLDVIEW OF THE MIDDLE AGES Christian Europeans shard a religious worldviewthat God was the center of all things. The beliefs of the poor presented a worldview in which they accepted a harsh, short life on earth. They believed they if they suffered they would be rewarded after death by going to heaven. WORLDVIEW OF THE MIDDLE AGES Wealthier people used religion to interpret everything about their world. Religion was the center of their life. Their religion helped them understand the world around them. They looked at the afterlife, and donated money and property to the church, hoping that God would reward them with heaven. Their religious beliefs were communicated in their art and architecture. Almost every artist and European thinker worked for the church. Rarely did anyone disagree with the church’s ideas about the world or the way people should act. No one questioned the importance of religion. CHEAT SHEET Guilds Worldview of medieval Europe compared to modern Canada Sumptuary laws Role of women Tall structures Peasant Revolt Black Death Town Life New Social Structure (p.27)