Transcript A Medieval Castle - Lyons-AP

Periodization CE
Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000
High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250
Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500
Europe in the 6th century –
new synthesis of
German tribal culture and values with Roman civ. and Catholic Church
Taken
over by
Muslim
s 711
N. Africa & Italy
taken over by
Justinian 550
Medieval Franks – Politics
• Kingdom of the Franks (Merovingians)
– Clovis (482-511)
– Converted to Christianity (mix culture
w/Germans and Romans)
– all of France into Germany, Charles Martel
stopped Muslims at Battle of Tours (732)
• Carolingian Empire (751-870)
– Charlemagne (772-814) created policy of
imperialism aimed at uniting all Christian
lands and forming new Roman Empire
– 800s (Christmas) – Crowned by Pope
Leo III (who he helped to restore to his
disputed papal throne) – making himself
equal to Byzantine Emperor and Muslim
caliph of Baghdad – increased rift
w/Byzantines who had claimed sole right
to imperial Roman title
– Court at Aachen – regulated Latin
monasticism under Benedictine,
standardized provincial govt – missi
dominici, established system of tithe
Pope Crowned Charlemagne
Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800
Causes
controvers
y of papal
supremacy
over
secular
rulers
“divine
right”
Charlemagne
tries to marry
Byzantine
ruler “Irene” to
make alliance
btw. Two
groups – was
rejected
Charlemagne’s Empire
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under threat by the Avars, Asiatic
nomads related to the Huns, and the
Slavs; mounted six campaigns that
almost eliminated them. Converted
Capital to be Aachen, new
“Constantinople” but failed w/death in 814.
Invaded northern Spain in 778 to take
advantage of feuds among the Muslims;
established and fortified the Spanish March as
a protection against Muslim Spain
Medieval Franks – Politics
– Treaty of Verdun (843) broke
empire into 3 (Germanic custom to
divide among heirs) – caused
collapse, invaders (Avars & Vikings)
capitalize on disintegration
The Carolingian Renaissance
Medieval France – Politics
•Hugh Capet, 987
•Lands around Paris (Ilede-France)
•Many dukes more powerful
that the Capetian kings
•Philip II Augustus (11801223) waged war against
England who ruled
Normandy, Maine, Aquitaine
•Philip IV the Fair (12851314) created Estates
General, 1302 (clergy – 1st,
nobles – 2nd, townspeople
– 3rd)
Medieval England – Politics
• After collapse of Roman Empire, pagan Germanic
tribes of Angles and Saxons invaded (late 5th-6th
centuries) – legends of King Arthur to battle them,
converted to Christianity
• 1066 – William the Conqueror (Normandy, France)
conquers England, destroyed Anglo-Saxon
monarchy, grants fiefs to Norman knights
• English & French politics now have close political
and cultural ties – but also conflict
William the Conqueror:
Battle of Hastings, 1066
(Bayeaux Tapestry)
Medieval England – Politics
 William I (Conqueror)
 Domesday Book – 1086 census so could
administer and tax fairly.
Henry I:
 William’s son.
 set up a court system.
 Exchequer  dept. of royal finances.
 Henry II (1154-1189 – Plantaganet)
 established the principle of common law
throughout the kingdom.
 grand jury.
 trial by jury.
Medieval England – Politics
(Magna Carta, 1215)
 King John I at
Runnymeade
monarchs were not
above the law.
 kings had to
consult a council of
advisors.
 kings could not tax
arbitrarily.
Medieval England – Politics

Creation of Parliament (1295)
 Great Council: middle class merchants,
townspeople [burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie
in Fr., burghers in Ger.] were added at the end
of the 13c. By Edward I (1272-1307)
 Two knights from every county Two residents
from each town meeting Law made in
consultation with representatives

by 1400, two chambers evolved:
o
House of Lords  nobles & clergy.
o
House of Commons  knights and
burgesses.
Hundred Year’s
War (1337-1453)
• CAUSE
– English claims to France
– Wool trade in Flanders
– Dispute over the right of
succession in France
– Eleanor of Aquitaine
(marriage to French king
annulled – she marries
Henry, duke of Normandy
who becomes Henry II of
England)
Medieval France – Politics
Hundred Years War
• EVENTS
– Seizure of
Gascony by the
French, 1337
– Battle of Crécy,
1346
– Charles V,
1364-1380
– Battle of
Agincourt, 1415
– Joan of Arc,
1429-1431
w/Battle of
Orleans
Black Death
interrupts
RESULTS
•War of the Roses (14551603) – civil war – Tudors
will win
•France wins
•By 14th century
the feudal order
was breaking
down
•Professional
soldiers
(cannons and
long bow change
shape of warfare
– castles no
longer protect –
decline of
“knights”)
Medieval Holy Roman Empire – Politics
• Overall political characteristic – perpetual tension
between imperial ambition and the desire for
independence of German and Italian feudal nobility.
Mixed with fear by the Italian Popes
• Otto I (936-973)
– Expansionist – conquered N. Italy and subdued Slavs,
New “Roman Empire”
• Henry IV (1056-1106) – Investiture Controversy (1077
Pope mad that Henry selecting high clergymen – will
excommunicate him until he stops. Henry loses vassals so
complies with Pope.
• Frederick II (1212-1250)
– Attempted to unify all of Germany, Italy and Crusader
states into single empire – envisioning Pope as having
a supportive role; Pope feels threat to Papal States
independence
• Decline of Germany
– 14th c. increasingly a confederation of independent
principalities loosely bound by elected emperor
w/limited power
Medieval Politics - Crusades
• Cause:
– In 1071 at Manzikert in Asia Minor a
mercenary army of Seljuk Turks in the
service of the Arabs defeated a Greek army.
The Turks soon occupied much of Asia
Minor as well as Jerusalem.
– Fearful, Emperor Alexius I Comnenus
(1081-1118) of Constantinople issued a call
for help to Pope Urban II (1088-1099). In
1095 at the Council of Clermont, Urban
challenged Christians to begin a holy war to
recover the Holy Land.
Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade
“Whoever, therefore, shall
determine upon this holy
pilgrimage and shall make his
vow to God to that effect and
shall offer himself to Him as a
living sacrifice, holy,
acceptable unto God, shall
wear the sign of the cross of
the Lord on his forehead or on
his breast. When, truly, having
fulfilled his vow, he wishes to
return, let him place the cross
on his back between his
shoulders.
Such, indeed, by the twofold action will fulfill the precept of
the Lord, as He commands in the Gospel, 'He that taketh
not his cross and followeth after me, is not worthy of
me.'“
- Urban II, 1095
Setting Out on Crusade
Christian Crusades: East and West
– The First Crusades
• Pope Urban II, 1088-1099
– Council of Clermont, 1095
• Peasants Crusade
• First Crusade, 1096-1099
– Jerusalem, 1099
– Crusader feudal states
• Second Crusade, 1147-1149
– Edessa recaptured by Muslims, 1144
– Failure
• Third Crusade, 1189-1192
– Saladin captures Jerusalem in 1187
– Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, Richard I the
Lionhearted of England, Philip II Augustus, France
• Fourth Crusade, 1204
– Sack of Constantinople, 1204
» Latin Empire of Constantinople
» Byzantine army recaptures Constantinople in
1261
• By end of the thirteenth century Christians lost Palestine
Politics - Eastern Europe
– Slavs – Indo-Europeans (Polish, Russians, Ukraines,
Bulgarians, Czechs, Slovaks, and Serbians)
– Series of invasions/migrations (350-750) – last
Europeans to become urbanized and converted to
Christianity (Byzantine St. Cyril and Methodius in 863).
Settled in Balkan territory.
– Cause conflict w/Charlemagne and Byzantines
– Magyars from western Asia create Hungary (997-1241)
» Moved into eastern and central Europe
» Magyars defeated at battle of Lechfeld, 955;
converted to Christianity
– Mongol invasion from 1236-42
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Politics - Vikings
• From Scandinavia
• Warriors, shipbuilders, and
sailors
• Danes occupied northeastern
England by 878
• Occupied part of France,
Normandy (“Northmen”)
• Made raids against Slavic
peoples along river w/shallow
longships (dragon shaped –
carry ca. 50 men) from Baltic
Sea
• Began to settle and then
became converted to
Christianity
Normandy
Illustration of Canute, a Viking warrior
who became the king of Denmark,
Norway, England, and part of Sweden
during the 11th century.
An 11th-century Viking runic stone stands at the entrance to
Gripsholm Castle in Sweden. The Germanic peoples used the runic
alphabet (also known as the futhark) from the third to about the 16th
century A.D.
Politics - Russia
– “Rus” Vikings – established trade
colonies along Baltic Sea and inland
– Oleg (c. 873-913) – Viking settled in
Kiev, people became assimilated by
marrying slavic women
– Vladimir (c. 980-1015) – married
Byzantine emperor’s sister and accepted
Christianity Alexander Nevsky (c. 12201263)
» Defeated an invading German army
in 1242
» Cooperated with the Mongols and
rewarded with title of grand prince
» Russia – culturally and
economically stagnant under
Mongols – rulers increasingly
autocratic and militarized
– 1380 – Principality of Moscow led
opposition to Mongols defeated Golden
Horde at the battle of Kulikovo
Firearms able to
neutralize Mongol
strength of speed
with horse/archery;
at end of period
such pastoral nomads
no longer real threat
Excerpt from a Slavonic publication in the Cyrillic script of
the 15th century AD. The creation of the Cyrillic alphabet is
credited to Saint Methodius and Saint Cyril, monks during
the ninth century AD. The script was devised to aid
missionaries of the Eastern Orthodox Church in converting
Slavic peoples (who had no written language) to Christianity.
Medieval Europe - Demographics
New farming techniques - Between 500 and 1300 the
European population grew from 25 million to more than 70
million.
Reversed in the fourteenth century when a colder and rainier
climate caused harvests to shrink and prices to rise.
Famine became a fact of life (1315-1317), complicated by
the Black Death between 1348 and 1354.
• Bubonic plague
– Mongol migrations
– Yersinia Pestis
– 50-60 percent death rate
• Plague arrives in Europe October, 1347
• European population decline 25 to 50 percent,
1447-1351; thus, 19 to 38 million of 75 million
• From 1347 to 1450, 60 to 75 percent of the
population
• Reactions to the Plague
Environmental –
– Flagellants
increased agriculture
– Anti-Semitism
leads to ½ of Europe
deforested
The routes of the plague - The central and east Asian stability
imposed by Mongol rule - the"Mongol Peace" - brought mixed
benefits. Trade flourished, travelers like Ibn Battuta and Marco
Polo but also the rats that carried bubonic plague. The Black
Death, originating in Central Asia, was one of a succession of
plagues that followed the trade routes by land and sea,
decimating parts of Europe and China.
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Medieval Europe - Economics
The Medieval Manor
Life on the Medieval Manor
Technological innovations
such as the heavy plow, the
shoulder collar for horses,
metal horseshoes, and more
efficient water and windmills
contributed to a significant
increase in the food supply.
Medieval Trade
Medieval Europe – Economics
– The Revival of Trade
• Italian states (not dominated by feudal states –
always more commercial than other areas – trade
w/Arabs and Byzantines)
• Flanders
• Fairs (Champagne Fair)
• Money economy
– Growth of cities
• Beginning in 10th century many new cities in northern
Europe
• Fortified strongholds by merchants for trade
• Depend on the countryside
• Develop own governments
• Cities remained small, Europe remains rural
• Hanseatic Trade Fair
– Industry in Medieval Cities
• Cloth, metalwork, shoes, and leather goods
• Guilds
• Apprenticeship
Medieval Guilds
Guild
Hall
v
Commercial Monopoly:
§ Controlled membership
apprentice
journeyman
master craftsman
§ Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].
§ Controlled prices
Medieval Europe - Religion
– The Papal Monarchy
• Control over the Papal States
• Increasingly became involved in political matters
(since Leo III crowned Charlemagne)
• High officials came to hold their offices as fiefs from
nobles
– Reform of the Papacy
• Gregory VII (1073-1085) wanted to get rid of lay
investiture (secular rulers appoint high officials in
Church) – Henry IV is excommunicated for doing so
in Holy Roman Empire (Investiture Controversy –
ended in 1122 at Concordat of Worms – bishop in
Germany will be elected by Church officials, then
pay homage to king)
– The Church Supreme
• Innocent III (1198-1216) tries to control rulers by
practicing the “interdict” (forbid priests from
dispensing sacraments)
Medieval Europe – Religion
Schism Between Catholic &
Byzantine Orthodox Church 1054
Pope Leo IX excommunicating
Michael Cerularius, patriarch of
Constantinople, leading to the Schism
of 1054. Leo IX was head of the
medieval Catholic Church from 1049
to 1054.
•Diverged on issues of
doctrine, jurisdiction, nature of
trinity, ability of priest to
marry, role of church and
state (caesaropapism)
The Medieval Catholic Church
Between 1050-1150 wave of religious enthusiasm
gives rise to monasticism:
 St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of
poverty, chastity, and obedience.
 provided schools for the children of
the upper class.
 inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war.
 libraries & scriptoria to copy manuscripts.
A Medieval Monk’s Day
A Medieval Monastery: The
Scriptorium/Illuminated Manuscript
The Power of the Medieval Church
 the church controlled about 1/3 of the
land in Western Europe.
 bishops and abbots played a large part in
the feudal system.
 tried to curb feudal warfare “Peace of God”
only 40 days a year for combat.
 curb heresies crusades; Inquisition
 tithe -1/10 tax on your assets given to
the church.
Medieval Europe - Religion
• Late Medieval - Monarchs begin to actively
oppose Church’s power – especially in areas
of:
- priests following church laws not country’s
- priests not paying tax on property
• Babylonian Captivity (1294, King Philip IV of
France kidnaps Pope who refused to pay
taxes. Philip elects new pope who rule from
Avignon, France) lasted from 1309-1378
Not to mention sale of indulgencies and simony
Medieval Europe - Religion
– The Great Schism and Cries for
Reform
• Papacy returned to Rome, 1378
– Pope Urban VI, 1378-1389, Rome
– Pope Clement VII, 1378-14, Avignon
• France and its allies support Avignon and
England and its allies support Rome
• Council of Constance, 1417
– New pope elected acceptable to all
Medieval Europe - Social
• Medieval society was fundamentally
hierarchal and aristocratic
- Church (pope, cardinal,
bishops, priests)
- Politics (kings, barons, lords,
knights)
- Business (master, journeyman,
apprentice)
Medieval Europe - Social
Feudalism: A political, economic, and
social system based on loyalty and
military service.
Medieval Europe - Social
– Lord-vassal contract
» Vassal owes the lord
40 days a year
military service
» Vassal had to go to
the lord’s court to give
advice
» Vassal might sit in
judgment of other
vassals
» Vassal responsible for
financial aid
» Lord obligated to
protect his vassal
» The lord had to
maintain the vassal
Chivalry: A Code of
Honor and Behavior
Medieval Europe – Social
• Aristocratic Women
– Could legally hold
property
– Remained under
the control of men
– Managed the estate
while husband off to
war
» Castle
– Oversaw the food
supply
– Eleanor of
Aquitaine (c. 11221204)
Medieval Europe –
Art/Literature
– Development of Scholasticism
• Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), Summa
Theologica (teachings of Christ can be
compatible with human reason and logic)
• Vernacular literature – Boccacio’s
Decameron and Chaucer’s Canterbury
Tales (regarding plague); Dante’s Divine
Comedy
Romanesque Architectural Style
Rounded Arches.
Barrel vaults.
Thick walls.
Darker, simplistic interiors.
Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.
Gothic
Architectural Style
Pointed arches.
High, narrow
vaults.
Thinner walls.
Flying buttresses.
Elaborate, ornate,
airier interiors.
Stained-glass windows.
“Flying” Buttresses
Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle
FRANCE
Parts of a Medieval Castle
Late Medieval Town Dwellings
Medieval Universities
Oxford University
Rise of universities
Irnerius (1088-1125),
Bologna
University of Paris
Oxford
Liberal arts curriculum