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Chapter 8: The Rise of Europe Section 1: The Early Middle Ages This was a time period for medieval civilization which is referring to the Middle Ages in Europe or the period of history in between ancient and modern times. Europe is a frontier land which is a land sparsely populated, undeveloped area on the outskirts of civilization and the land was good for raising crops. Germanic tribes migrated across Europe and made small kingdoms in Europe, the most successful of those tribes were the Franks. The Franks were ruled by Clovis who conquered the Roman province Gaul and he also converted to Christianity because that was the religion in Gaul which made him gain the respect of people and made him a powerful ally in the Christian Church of Rome. Islam appeared in Arabia in 622and from there on Muslim built a great empire and created a new civilization. Muslim armies expanded across the Mediterranean world after 700ad across North Africa, into Spain across the Straits of Gibralter. Charles Martel leads an army of Christian Knights to victory over the Muslim army at the Battle of Tours in 732ad. Charles (768-814) – son of Pepin – will be known as Charlemagne (KAROLUS MAGNUS) – reunites vast areas of the former Western Roman Empire – most of France, Germany, Italy – northern Spain – capital Aachen-where there is a formal course of study school. – 800ad journey to Rome – crowned Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III efficient government missi dominici Royal officials checked on local Rulers – Nobles responsible for Justice, defense – Uniform laws and judges – promoted Christian Faith Parish rural district Tithe 10% if income to the church – education scholars brought to his capital established schools and libraries – civil war on his death 843ad Treaty of Verdun Charlemagne's empire is divided among his 3 grandsons Vikings – Scandinavia shallow draft boats hit and run raids – 911 settled in Normandy Magyars – settle in Hungary Feudalism emerges Section 2: Feudalism and the Manor Economy Feudal Society/Warfare Kings were powerless and weak Local nobles protected their own lands – paid homage to the king Kings and Lord exchanged rights and obligations – based on the Feudal Contract – land for service King granted a FIEF (land) vassal accepts FIEF in exchange for service – – – – 40 days fighting service on Holidays advice financial obligations vassal may owe allegiance to more than one lord vassals often became more powerful than their king complex knights – armor – chain mail, battle axes, stirrup, lance – undisciplined, free wheeling battles hostage taking common Castles – could withstand sieges for months or even years keep, crenellation, arrow loop Chivalry code of conduct – bravery, honesty, generosity Manor Life – Large estate ruled by a noble – self sufficient tradesman – blacksmith, miller, carpenter shepherds – wool – peasants serfs obligated to lord attached to the land they worked on not free Section 3: The Medieval Church The Church was the only institution whose power stretched across political and geographical boundaries. In a time of dissolution and turmoil the church was the glue that kept Medieval Europe together. Church was an integral part of Medieval society – educated clergy advised kings and lords – owned huge tracts of land – bishops, abbots could be vassals of a king Church provided the Sacraments – route to Salvation – alternative was eternal suffering Heresy – false teachings – Excommunication – Inquisition best way to serve God was dedicate your life – groups who dedicated themselves to serve the Church Monks, nuns – St. Benedict Monte Cassino discipline, rules he also created the Benedictine Rule which regulated monastic life – St. Francis of Asissi dedicated life to poverty and service survived on Charity – St. Dominic (Spain) teachers A force for civilization preserved writing through the Dark Ages by copying and illuminating manuscripts Cannon law-a body of laws developed by the medieval Church which applied to the religious teachings, the clergy, marriages, and morals. The Church presented women as “daughters of Eve,” weak and easily led to sin and the Church offered a view of the ideal women, as modest and pure as Mary, the mother of Jesus. Section 4: Economic Expansion & Change New Technologies- iron plows, new harness, and a windmill. Feudal Lords made peasants clear forests, drain swamps, and reclaim wasteland for farming and grazing. Three Field System one field left fallow, rotates every year – reduced risk of starvation – improved diet The High Middle Ages Revival of Trade – Towns products – wool, honey, furs – Chartered written document explaining their rights and obligations – paid taxes to the Lord – – – – valuable to the Lord as a source of money middle class grew BOURGEOISIE Guilds controlled the trades in their towns apprentice journeyman master craftsman – masterpiece Italian cities began trading with Crusaders and the East Trade Fairs – elaborate events Hanseatic League – Baltic cities banding together in a trade alliance Capital- money for investment, spurred the growth of banking houses. Tenant Farmers- someone who would pay rent to a lord in order to farm the land. Guilds- and association of merchants and artisans. Regents Questions The Middle Ages in Western Europe was characterized by 1. the manor system and the importance of land ownership 2. absolute monarchies and strong central governments 3. decreased emphasis on religion in daily life 4. extensive trade with Asia and the Middle East Feudal societies are generally characterized by 1. an emphasis on social order 2. a representative government 3. many economic opportunities 4. the protection of political rights The art, music, and philosophy of the medieval period in Europe generally dealt with 1. human scientific achievements 2. religious themes 3. materialism 4. classic Greek and Roman subjects In Europe during the Middle Ages, the force that provided unification and stability was the 1. central government in Rome 2. military alliance between France and Germany 3. federation of the craft guilds 4. Roman Catholic Church Feudalism in Western Europe was similar to feudalism in Japan in that Answers Feudalism in Western Europe was similar to feudalism in Japan in that 1. power was based on class relationships 2. equality among the social classes 3. direct democracy 4. monotheism 1 1 2 4 1