Transcript Test ppt English French German Rulers

English Rulers
Claiming the throne of England
Norman Conquest - 1066
• Edward the Confessor, the ½ Saxon ½ Norman
ruler of England died childless
• Harold, brother-in-law of Edward was crowned
king of England which led to the Norman
Conquest
• William, Duke of Normandy invades and conquers
England by winning the Battle of Hastings in
1066, earning him the title Conqueror and King
William I of England
• England’s new ruling class spoke French
• English kings are now vassals (feudal lords) to the
King of France (Wm. was Duke of Normandy)
William I 1066 - 87
• Kept land for himself and made all
nobles/vassal vow loyalty directly to him
• New Forest – Royal hunting area –
anyone caught hunting would lose his
eyes
• To reduce fires – all went to bed at 8pm
• Heavy Taxes on all sales, use of roads
and bridges
• Raised the moral level of the English
clergy which loved to marry, gamble and
hunt
• Grew so fat he could hardly get on his
horse
• Only son Henry stayed by his death bed
• Coffin too small, body burst, terrible
smell
William II Rufus 1087 - 1100
• Named for his red hair & ruddy
complexion
• Wm.I’s favorite son
• Named king over his older brother
Robert who became the Duke of
Normandy
• His father believed William was better
suited to control the English who
weren’t happy about Norman rule
• Robert, Duke of Normandy pledged
Normandy to his brother William II for
10,000 marks so he could go on a
Crusade.
• Fought to recapture lands in France
that his brother had lost
• He promised the English that he
would rule using more liberal laws
and less taxes
• Instead he ruled England as a tyrant
William II Rufus cont
• The church didn’t like his lifestyle or the fact that he
delayed in appointing bishops to positions so he could
take the churches revenue.
• Excommunicated (reason why he didn’t go on the 1st
Crusade)
• William II never married
• Rebuilt the Palace of Westminster
• Died while on a hunting trip in New Forest. No one
cared if his death was accidental or intentional.
• Peasants had to bring his body back, since his nobles
would not
• The Clergy refused to perform any last rites over his
body
Henry I 1100 - 1135
• Youngest son of the Conqueror
• With his brother William II at the time
of death, he went to secure the
treasury and was acknowledged as
King. (brother Robert, Duke of
Normandy was the eldest)
• Secured his position with the nobility &
church by issuing a charter of liberties
that acknowledged the feudal rights of
nobles and the rights of the church.
• Set up Exchequer to handle the
kingdom’s finances
• Wise ruler and skilled diplomat
• Took over Normandy after his brother
returned from his Crusade.
• Imprisoned older brother Robert
• His only legitimate son and heir died in
1120 in a shipwreck crossing the
channel
Henry I cont
• He had at least 21 illegitimate children
• Began the department of the Exchequer
(Treasury)
• Made the central government more efficient by
using lesser nobility as civil servants
• Named his daughter Matilda and her young son,
Henry as his heirs, (Matilda was married to
Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou in France)
• Stephen of Blois, his nephew, took the throne
instead and plunged the nation into civil war
Stephen of Blois 1135 - 54
• Grandson of William I and
nephew of Henry I
• England was ravaged by
the civil wars between
Stephen and Matilda’s
armies
• Henry of Anjou, Matilda’s
son, finally defeats
Stephen
• Stephen names Henry as
heir, passing over his two
children
Henry II 1154 - 89
• Born in France and inherited large
territories in France
• Married to Eleanor (she was 11 years
older) and added her wealthy territory,
the Aquitaine to his processions.
• Restored law and order in England
after Stephen’s rule
• Thomas Becket, his friend and
chancellor was named Archbishop of
Canterbury in 1162
• Henry quarreled with Becket over his
decree which would try priests
accused of crimes in royal courts
instead of a church court
• The controversy ended when four of
Henry’s Knights murdered Becket as
he was praying. (Henry had uttered to
his Knights, “Will no one rid me of this
turbulent priest?”)
Thomas Becket
Henry I I cont.
• He journeyed to Canterbury where he knelt before the altar
where Becket was slain. He had the monks beat him across
his bare back!
• To appease the pope for the murder of Becket, Henry
invaded Ireland, a Catholic country that did not heed the
pope.
• He began the jury system in England and replaced the old
feudal courts with his royal courts
• Common Law – rulings from royal judges which formed a
body of law for all of England
• His sons often rebelled against him with the financial help of
his wife Eleanor. He had Eleanor imprisoned in numerous
castles.
• He also spent most of his reign fighting against French King
Louis VII and his son Philip II Augustus. (he was a vassal to
the French king)
• Queen Eleanor outlived Henry (she was 82 when she died)
Eleanor of Aquitaine
• Daughter of the powerful Duke
of Aquitaine
• Married to Louis VII of France
– had two daughters by Louis
VII before the marriage was
annulled
• Married Henry of Anjou the
future Henry II of England
• Mother of 5 sons and 3
daughters with Henry
• Mother of two kings; Richard I
and John I
Richard I 1189 - 99
• He first received the Aquitaine
from his mother to rule at age 14
• He fought against his father with
his brothers, who were aided by
his mother
• After being crowned King of
England, he freed his mother from
her castle jail
• He remained in England for 6
months to raise money for his
Crusade
• He insisted that Philip II Augustus
accompany him on the Crusade
so Philip would not try to seize
Richard’s lands in France
• He married at the request of his
mother (the marriage was
probably never consummated)
Richard I cont.
• He was kidnapped and held for ransom which his mother
Eleanor raised for him, since she had been left in charge
of England
• He discovered that his brother John had been plotting to
seize the throne of England, but will forgive him
exclaiming, “You are a child”.
• He fought constantly with Philip II Augustus over his
lands in France.
• Treasure was found on his lands in France and Richard
demanded that it be turned over to him.
• When the treasure was not turned over to him, he laid
siege to the area where it was held.
• He took an arrow in the shoulder and refused treatment
for his wound
• He died of gangrene poisoning leaving England and his
French possessions to his younger brother John
John I 1199 - 1216
• Nicknamed John Lackland by his
father because he wasn’t given any
land and Softsword by Philip II for
losing most of his French lands.
• After refusing to accept the election
of a new archbishop, the pope
excommunicated him and placed an
Interdict on England
• To have the Interdict and
excommunication lifted, he had to
give England to the pope who gave
it back to John as a fief
• He was a tyrant, who extorted
money, raised taxes and confiscated
property to fund his wars against
France
John cont.
• His nobles forced him to sign the Magna Carta, the
Great Charter in 1215, which forced him to respect the
rights and privileges of the English nobles
• The Magna Carta basically states the king is not above
the law and must follow the laws
• England is established as a limited monarchy
• The king can not arbitrarily demand taxes, he must have
the consent of the Great Council
• Due Process of Law – right to a trial by jury & protection
of the law
• His baggage train was swept away while crossing a tidal
area and John lost many valuables, including his crown.
• He became ill with fever, which was aggravated by
overeating and also suffered from dysentery. He died at
age 49, leaving his 9 year old son Henry, as king.
Henry III 1216 - 72
• Regents ruled for him until
1227 when he took over
• Weak, indecisive, and easily
led by others
• High taxes, bad foreign policy
(trying to regain his lost lands
in France), led to a rebellion of
his nobles.
• The Baron’s Rebellion led by
Simon de Montfort, his brother
in law, led to the capture of
Henry III and his son, Edward.
• Nobles rebelled because
Henry was violating the Magna
Carta
Henry III cont.
• Simon de Montfort actually rules for a period of
time and begins the concept of representative
assembly by inviting the nobility, clergy, and
commoners to join in a meeting of the Great
Council (later the Parliament)
• Simon de Montfort is killed by Henry’s son
Edward.
• Royal authority is restored in 1267, Henry starts
to show signs of senility. He dies in 1272, age
65, after a reign of 56 years
Edward I 1272 - 1307
• After supporting his father in the civil
wars, he leaves on a Crusade in
1270 (8th)
• He marries Eleanor of Castile (a love
match, they were inseparable)
• An outstanding warrior king who did
not exhibit any of his father’s bad
characteristics
• Holds regular meetings of the Model
Parliament which includes members
of the nobility, knights, clergy, and
burgesses when he needed approval
for levying taxes
Edward I
• He conquers Wales naming his
son, Edward the Prince of Wales,
heir to the throne of England
• Builds massive castles to keep
Wales secure
• He battles William Wallace and
Robert the Bruce of Scotland (the
movie Braveheart is based on this
event)
• Made the concept of
Representative government in
England a fact
• His son, Edward II, was a terrible
ruler
Presiding over the
Model Parliament
Today’s Parliament grew from the
Model Parliament
• England’s law making body (legislative)
• House of Lords - Upper house of nobles
and high clergy
• House of Commons - Lower house of
townspeople, knights, freeman
• Only the House of Commons could
propose new taxes
Kings of France
Hugh Capet 987 - 996
Hugh Capet, the first Capetian Ruler,
was the Count of Paris. He ruled the
Ile de France – Paris and the
surrounding land. He was elected by
French nobles.
Achievements of the Capetians
•
Primogeniture – the right of the eldest son to inherit
•
Married into families to gain land
•
Developed a strong central government causing the townspeople to
side with them rather that the powerful feudal lords.
•
Increased their money through taxation.
•
Allied themselves with the Church
•
Encouraged the growth of towns, manufacturing &
trade by imposing law & order
•
Use of royal courts instead of feudal courts
Louis VII 1120 - 1180
• Louis VII went on the
2nd Crusade & spent
most of his reign
fighting Henry II who
married his first wife,
Eleanor
Philip II Augustus 1180 - 1223
• Son of Louis VII & his third wife
• Became king at age 15
• Probably left the Third Crusade to return to
France to seize English lands in France
from his co-crusader, Richard I
• Philip II tripled the land under his control
• Philip II gave France a strong central
Government
• Called the “maker of Paris” because he
paved the streets, walled the city, and
began building the Louvre
Louis IX or St. Louis 1226 - 1270
• Grandson of Philip II Augustus
• Known for his religious fervor
and his political astuteness
• Went on the 7th and 8th
Crusades
• Created the Parlement of Paris
– the supreme court of France
• Bailiff – royal officials who
presided over the King’s courts
& collected the Kings taxes
Philip IV the Fair 1285 - 1314
• French King who quarreled with the
pope over the taxation of the
Church in France
• Involved himself in costly wars with
England and taxed the French
heavily
• Borrowed heavily from the Jews
and refused to pay them back so
he kicked them out of France and
confiscated their property
• Destroyed the Knights Templar and
took their money
• Called a meeting of the Estates
General to approve his tax on the
Clergy
"The Poor Fellow Soldiers of Christ
and the Temple of Solomon"
• A monastic military order of
Knights formed after the 1st
Crusade to protect pilgrims on
route to the Holy Land
• They fought with Richard I and
others in the battles for the Holy
Land
• They became very powerful and
wealthy bankers who skirted the
usury issue
• Philip IV needed funds to continue
his war with England and targeted
the Templars as a source of
money
The secret meetings and rituals of the Knights
Templar would eventually cause their downfall
• Philip IV charged them with heresy
and confiscated their holdings.
• He accused them of many crimes,
tortured and destroyed them
• On March 19th, 1314 the last
Grand Master of the Knights
Templar, Jacques de Molay was
burned at the stake.
• De Molay is said to have cursed
Philip IV and Pope Clement V, as
he burned, asking both men to join
him (in death) within a year.
• Both did die within the year!
Estates General
•
•
•
•
France’s Representative Assembly
First Estate – included upper & lower clergy
Second Estate – included nobles
Third Estate – included the bourgeoisie,
workers, peasants
• Unlike the Parliament in England, the EstatesGeneral did not limit the French Kings power
• France will become an absolute monarchy
German States
Otto I the Great
936 - 973
• He ended the Magyar
threat
• Admired Charlemagne
• Defended the pope who
gave him the title Holy
Roman Emperor
Henry III
• Ruled from 1046-1056
• Power of Emperor reached its height
• He saw church as a branch of royal
government
• He chose who would be Pope
Henry IV
• Only 6 when he came to power
• Nobels and Church took advantage of his
youth and reasserted their strength
• Argued with Pope Gregory VII over the
investiture controversy.
• Was excommunicated by Gregory VII and
was left standing in the snow for 3 days at
Canossa Castle (1077) in Northern Italy
before Pope would revoke his
excommunication.
Concordat of Worms
• In 1122 it was agreed that the Emperor
Henry V could grant land to church
officials.
• Church would now control all spiritual
powers
• Ends struggle over lay investiture.
• Popes continue to meddle in the affairs of
the Holy Roman Empire.
Frederick I Barbarossa 1155-1190
• First to call his lands the
Holy Roman Empire
• Defeated by the Lombard
League trying to increase
his power by winning
Italian lands
• Drowns on his way to the
Holy Land during the
Third Crusade
Holy Roman Empire
Empire of
Frederick I Barbarossa
Empire of Charles IV
actually from Luxembourg
Papal States
Germany and Italy
• German Kings tried to increase their power by winning
control of more Italian territory
• Lombard League – Alliance of Italian towns (merchants)
which will fight against the German Knights under the
leadership of Frederick I Barbarossa
• Battle of Legnano – Italian foot soldiers of the Lombard
League defeat Frederick’s German Knights
• Shows that towns could wield military and economic
power
• Holy Roman Empire – German States and Northern Italy
• German States did not unify like England and France
Nation States
Characteristics
• People live in one defined geographical
location
• One government for the state
• People speak the same language
• Patriotism to their country