Transcript Atomic & Nuclear Theory, and the Periodic Table

Physical Science EOCT
Etowah High School
DOMAIN I: Chemistry: Atomic & Nuclear Theory, and the Periodic Table
•Atoms
–Protons (+) (nucleus)
–Neutrons (no charge) (nucleus)
–Electrons (-) (electron cloud)
•Electron Cloud – energy levels
•Valence Electrons (outermost electrons)
(max is 8)
2
(2n )
FRONT 1
DOMAIN I: Chemistry: Atomic & Nuclear Theory, and the Periodic Table
•Atomic Number - # of protons
•Isotopes – same # protons, different # of
NEUTRONS
•Atomic Mass – average of the isotopes
BACK 1
DOMAIN I: Chemistry: Atomic & Nuclear Theory, and the Periodic Table
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DOMAIN I: Chemistry: Atomic & Nuclear Theory, and the Periodic Table
DOMAIN I: Chemistry: Atomic & Nuclear Theory, and the Periodic Table
•Chemical Bonds – valence electrons
–Ionic (transfer of electrons) – metal &
nonmetal, called a formula unit
FRONT 2
DOMAIN I: Chemistry: Atomic & Nuclear Theory, and the Periodic Table
–Covalent (share electrons) – 2
nonmetals, called a molecule
BACK 2
DOMAIN I: Chemistry: Atomic & Nuclear Theory, and the Periodic Table
•Radioactivity – 3 types
1. Alpha – He atoms, stopped by paper
2. Beta – electrons, wooden board
stops them
3. Gamma – more powerful than xrays,
stopped by concrete
FRONT 3
DOMAIN I: Chemistry: Atomic & Nuclear Theory, and the Periodic Table
•Half-Life – time required for half the atoms
to decay.
•Fission – process of splitting, nucleus splits
in 2 (like fissure)
235 U + 1 n → 90 Sr + 143 Xe + 31 n
92
0
38
54
0
•Fusion – collide and combine, 2 nuclei join
1 H + 2 H → 3 He
1
1
2
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-nuclear-energy.html
BACK 3
DOMAIN I: Chemistry: Atomic & Nuclear Theory, and the Periodic Table
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DOMAIN I: Chemistry: Atomic & Nuclear Theory, and the Periodic Table
DOMAIN I: Chemistry: Atomic & Nuclear Theory, and the Periodic Table
•Periodic Table
–Metals – shiny,
conduct
electricity
–Nonmetal –
don’t conduct
electricity
–Metalloid semiconductors
FRONT 4
DOMAIN I: Chemistry: Atomic & Nuclear Theory, and the Periodic Table
• Representative
Elements – groups 1-2
and 13-18
• Group # = Valence
Electrons
• Alkali Metals – Group
1
• Alkaline Earth Metals
– Group 2
• Halogens – Group 17
• Noble Gases – Group 18
BACK 4
DOMAIN I: Chemistry: Atomic & Nuclear Theory, and the Periodic Table
• Plasmas – gases that are highly
energized, ex. – solar flare
FRONT 5
DOMAIN I: Chemistry: Atomic & Nuclear Theory, and the Periodic Table
P↓ V↑
T↑ V↑
T↑ P↑
PV = nRT
P = pressure, V = volume, n = # of moles, T = temperature
* This formula shows the relationship between the pressure, temperature and
volume of gases
BACK 5
DOMAIN II: Chemistry: Chemical Reactions and Properties of Matter
•Matter – anything that has mass &
volume
•D = m
V
D = density
m = mass
V = volume
FRONT 6
DOMAIN II: Chemistry: Chemical Reactions and Properties of Matter
BACK 6
DOMAIN II: Chemistry: Chemical Reactions and Properties of Matter
•Binary Ionic Compounds – 2 ions
chemically combined
– Ex. Mg 2+ and N 3– Criss cross the charges down to make
Mg3N2
– Name the cation first, anion second with
-ide
* Magnesium nitride
FRONT 7
DOMAIN II: Chemistry: Chemical Reactions and Properties of Matter
•Binary Covalent
Compounds – 2 elements
sharing electrons
– Ex. C and O
– No charges to criss cross!
– Name the cation first, anion
second with -ide, but you also
need to use PREFIXES!!!
BACK 7
DOMAIN II: Chemistry: Chemical Reactions and Properties of Matter
•Law of Conservation of Mass – mass is
neither created nor destroyed
•Reactants  Products
•Mass of the products = Mass of the
reactants
•This law is used to BALANCE
chemical equations
•___H2 + ___O2  ___H2O
FRONT 8
DOMAIN II: Chemistry: Chemical Reactions and Properties of Matter
•Law of Conservation of Mass – mass is
neither created nor destroyed
•Reactants  Products
•Mass of the products = Mass of the
reactants
•This law is used to BALANCE
chemical equations
•_2_H2 + ___O2  _2_H2O
FRONT 8
DOMAIN II: Chemistry: Chemical Reactions and Properties of Matter
•Types of Reactions –
– Synthesis: A + B  AB
– Decomposition: AB  A + B
– Single Replacement: A + BC  AC + B
– Double Replacement: AB + CD  AD + CB
BACK 8
DOMAIN II: Chemistry: Chemical Reactions and Properties of Matter
•Solution - homogenous mixture made
of a solute (one being dissolved) and a
solvent (doing the dissolving)
•Solubility – ability of a substance to
dissolve in a solvent
FRONT 9
DOMAIN II: Chemistry: Chemical Reactions and Properties of Matter
•Solubility Curves – shows how the amount of
dissolved solute changes with temperature
BACK 9
DOMAIN II: Chemistry: Chemical Reactions and Properties of Matter
•Factors that affect rate of solubility:
– Stirring
– Inc. surface area – grind the solute into
smaller particles
– Inc. the temperature
FRONT 10
DOMAIN II: Chemistry: Chemical Reactions and Properties of Matter
•Conductivity – solution’s ability to conduct
electricity
•Strong electrolytes – high conductivity,
dissolved ionic compounds, ex. – NaCl, HCl,
AlCl3
•Weak electrolytes – low conductivity, weak
acids or bases, ex. – NH3
•Nonelectrolytes – can’t carry electrical
charges, covalent compounds
BACK 10
DOMAIN II: Chemistry: Chemical Reactions and Properties of Matter
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DOMAIN II: Chemistry: Chemical Reactions and Properties of Matter
DOMAIN II: Chemistry: Chemical Reactions and Properties of Matter
FRONT 11
DOMAIN II: Chemistry: Chemical Reactions and Properties of Matter
•pH Scale –
–7 is neutral
–Below 7 ACIDIC
–Above 7 BASIC
•All compounds that give off
H+ ions are acidic
BACK 11
DOMAIN II: Chemistry: Chemical Reactions and Properties of Matter
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DOMAIN II: Chemistry: Chemical Reactions and Properties of Matter
DOMAIN III: Physics: Energy, Force and Motion
•Law of Conservation of Energy –
energy cannot be created nor destroyed
•Types of Energy –
–Electrical
–Thermal
–Chemical
–Mechanical
•Kinetic (movement)
•Potential (stored)
FRONT 12
DOMAIN III: Physics: Energy, Force and Motion
•The most common source of energy is coal.
BACK 12
DOMAIN III: Physics: Energy, Force and Motion
•Heat Transfer
–Conduction – between materials that are
in direct contact with each other
–Convection – transfer of heat energy by
the mass movement of fluids contained
heated particles
–Radiation – transfer of heat energy
through electromagnetic waves
FRONT 13
DOMAIN III: Physics: Energy, Force and Motion
•Specific Heat Capacity – amount of heat
required to raise the temp of 1 kg by 1 ◦C
•Q= mcΔT
Q = heat energy
m = mass
c = specific heat
ΔT = change in temp
BACK 13
DOMAIN III: Physics: Energy, Force and Motion
DOMAIN III: Physics: Energy, Force and Motion
DOMAIN III: Physics: Energy, Force and Motion
•Phase Diagram
FRONT 14
DOMAIN III: Physics: Energy, Force and Motion
•Force – a physical quantity that can
change the motion of an object.
–The unit is the Newton (N)
–Balanced Forces – do NOT change the
motion of an object
–Unbalanced Forces – change the motion
of an object
BACK 14
DOMAIN III: Physics: Energy, Force and Motion
•Speed – distance an object moves per
unit of time
•Velocity – speed PLUS its direction
•Acceleration – has magnitude and
direction
FRONT 15
DOMAIN III: Physics: Energy, Force and Motion
•Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion –
–Newton’s Law: object at rest/motion stays
at rest/motion unless acted on by an
unbalanced force (INERTIA)
nd
–Newton’s 2 Law: F = ma
–Newton’s 3rd Law: For every action there is
an equal and opposite reaction
st
1
BACK 15
DOMAIN III: Physics: Energy, Force and Motion
•Weight and Mass –
•An object has mass no matter what
•Weight changes depending on the
influence of gravity
•W = mg
2
•g = 9.80 m/s
FRONT 16
DOMAIN III: Physics: Energy, Force and Motion
•Types of Forces –
–Frictional Forces –
•Sliding friction
•Rolling friction
•Static friction
(touch but do not
move)
BACK 16
DOMAIN III: Physics: Energy, Force and Motion
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DOMAIN III: Physics: Energy, Force and Motion
DOMAIN III: Physics: Energy, Force and Motion
•Work – transfer of energy when an
applied force moves an object over a
distance
•W = fd
W = work
f = force
d = distance
FRONT 17
DOMAIN III: Physics: Energy, Force and Motion
•Work can be made
easier by using Simple
Machines
•Mechanical Advantage
– the # of times a
machine multiplies the
effort force
BACK 17
DOMAIN III: Physics: Energy, Force and Motion
•Example –
•If a 15N force is applied to the handle of a
screwdriver to lift with a resistance of 150N,
then what is the mechanical advantage of the
screwdriver?
10
ANSWER
DOMAIN III: Physics: Energy, Force and Motion
•Example –
•If a 15N force is applied to the handle of a
screwdriver to lift with a resistance of 150N,
then what is the mechanical advantage of the
screwdriver?
10
DOMAIN IV: Physics: Waves, Electricity and Magnetism
•Waves – disturbances that repeat the same cycle
of motion and transfer energy
•Mechanical Waves – water waves, sound waves
•Electromagnetic Waves – light
FRONT 18
DOMAIN IV: Physics: Waves, Electricity and Magnetism
•Differences between the 2:
–Sound waves need a medium
–Sound travels through everything, light is
absorbed by opaque materials
–Sound travels SLOW, light travels FAST
•Sound Waves travel by vibrating from particle to
particle
•They travel faster through solids and liquids than
they do through gases…why?
BACK 18
DOMAIN IV: Physics: Waves, Electricity and Magnetism
•Waves undergo 4 interactions:
•Reflection – bounces off the
object
•Refraction – bends, passes from
one medium to another
•Diffraction – passes thru a hole
and spreads out behind the hole
•Interference – 2 waves arrive at
the same point/same time,
combine to produce one wave
FRONT 19
DOMAIN IV: Physics: Waves, Electricity and Magnetism
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DOMAIN IV: Physics: Waves, Electricity and Magnetism
DOMAIN IV: Physics: Waves, Electricity and Magnetism
•Doppler Effect - when a sound source moves
towards a listener the pitch inc., when it moves away
the pitch dec.
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tn35SB1_NYI
BACK 19
DOMAIN IV: Physics: Waves, Electricity and Magnetism
•Electricity – energy associated with electrons as they
move
•Like charges REPEL, opposite charges ATTRACT
•Static Electricity – buildup of electric charges,
caused by:
–Friction – rubbing two objects together
–Conduction – electrons flow thru direct contact
–Induction – electrons are rearranged, no contact is
necessary
FRONT 20
DOMAIN IV: Physics: Waves, Electricity and Magnetism
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DOMAIN IV: Physics: Waves, Electricity and Magnetism
DOMAIN IV: Physics: Waves, Electricity and Magnetism
•Electric Current (I) - movement of charged
particles, measured in Amperes (A)
•Voltage (V) – potential difference in electrical
potential energy, measure in volts (V)
•Resistance (R) – opposition to current,
measured in ohms (Ω)
•Ohm’s Law – V = IR
BACK 20
DOMAIN IV: Physics: Waves, Electricity and Magnetism
•Circuit – complete, closed path for electron flow
•DC – direct current, current flowing in the same
direction
•AC – alternating current, current moving back
and forth in cycles
FRONT 21
DOMAIN IV: Physics: Waves, Electricity and Magnetism
•Series – one path,
Xmas lights
•Parallel – multiple
paths, used in homes
BACK 21
DOMAIN IV: Physics: Waves, Electricity and Magnetism
•Magnetic Field – region around a magnet or
current carrying wires where magnetic forces
can be measured
•Magnets have a north pole and south pole
•Like poles REPEL, opposite poles ATTRACT
FRONT 22
DOMAIN IV: Physics: Waves, Electricity and Magnetism
•Electromagnet – an electric current is used to
produce a magnetic field in a coil of wire
•A rotating electromagnet is used in electric
motors, converts electrical energy to
mechanical energy
•Generator – converts mechanical energy to
electrical energy, uses electromagnetic
induction
BACK 22
DOMAIN IV: Physics: Waves, Electricity and Magnetism
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DOMAIN IV: Physics: Waves, Electricity and Magnetism