Transcript History of the Intel Proccessor

Presentation on Intel product
(processors)
• Presented to:
• Sir Imran Hanif
• Presented by:
• Muhammad Arshad
• Bs(cs)4th
• Roll#06-36
Developmental
History of Main-Line
Intel CPUs
Intel 4004 specs
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Introduced in November of 1971
Was the first microprocessor
108 KHz clock speed
Four bit adder
A sixty-four bit index register
An address incriminator
And an eight bit instruction register and
decoder
Intel 8086/8088
• Introduced on June 8, 1978
• First commercially successful 16 bit
processor
• Too expensive for early computers, so the
8088 was developed with an 8 bit bus
• 8088 and 8086 ensured success of Intel
corporation, because they were they start
of the *86 family that was the basis for
every IBM compatible PC
8086 specifications
• clock speeds of 5 MHz, 8MHz, and 10 MHz
• The 8086 could address 1 Meg of memory,
while the 4004 could only address 640 bytes
• the 8086 had fourteen registers
– general registers, segment registers, index
registers, status and control register
• 16 bit processing power
Intel 80186
• High Integration 16-bit Microprocessor
• fifteen to twenty of the most common
microprocessor system components, providing
twice the performance of the 8086 while
operating at the same clock speed
• strategic flaw in the 80186
– released in early 1981 Intel believed that all
computer manufactures would follow IBM’s lead
and incorporate a built in DMA and timer chip
80186 Specifications
• ten more instructions to the op code set of
the 8086
• two different modes for the 80186 to run in
– Enhanced
– Standard
Intel 80286
• Released of February of 1982
• 80286 shipped at slightly faster clock
speeds than the 80186
• 80286 introduced protected mode memory
addressing
– Allows programmers to access memory above
1 meg
– Virtual memory becomes a possiblility up to 1
Gig
Intel 80386SX/DX
• First truly mass market processor with 32-bit
addressing.
• Able to address 4 gigabytes of RAM, and 64
terabytes of virtual memory.
• Delivered performance ranging from 5 MIPS in
the first 16 MHz model to 11.4 MIPS in the
fastest 33Mhz model
• Offered real mode, protected mode, and a
ability to run many “virtual” real mode sessions
simultaneously
• 275,000 Transistors with a 1-micron process.
Intel 80486SX/DX
• 1.2 Million Transistors with a 1 micron process
• Performance ranges from 20 MIPS in the 25 MHz
DX model to 70.7 MIPS in the 100 MHz DX4 model
• DX model contained math co-processor and 8K L1
Cache
• Could address 4 gigabytes of RAM and 64
terabytes of virtual memory.
• DX2 version allowed the core of the processor to
run at twice the bus speed.
• DX4 version allowed the core of the processor to
run at three times the bus speed.
Intel Pentium
Processor
• Name was chosen to thwart companies like
AMD, Cyrix, etc.
• 3.1 Million Transistors using .8 micron process
• 4 GB RAM/64 TB Virtual Memory
• 64-Bit Data Bus
• Superscalar Design – had hardware for
simultaneous instruction execution
• 66 MHz bus speed
• Double the amount of L1 cache: an 8 KB
instruction cache and an 8 KB data cache
Intel Pentium
Processor
• Pentium error – look-up tables
• MMX – multimedia extensions
• Pentium MMX ran at a core voltage of 2.8v
instead of the normal Pentium’s core voltage of
3.5v
• Pentium MMX done with .35 micron process
Intel Pentium Pro
• Originally called “P6”
• L2 cache was available in 256 KB, 512 KB, 1
MB, and 2 MB versions, and ran at full clock
speed
• Clock speeds ranged from 166 to 200 MHz, with
• bus speeds of 60 and 66 MHz
• Ran on Socket 8 connector, which was the only
socket the Pentium Pro supported
• Support for up to 4 processors in parallel
• Ran much better in NT
• Laid groundwork for future Intel processors.
The Pentium II processor
• Released May 1997, the second P6 architecture
chip from Intel
• Used new socket called “Slot 1”
• Originally ran at 233 and 266 MHz
• The creation of a new motherboard made just for
the PII, the i440LX, allowed for greater
processing speeds
• In October 1997 the 300 MHz processor was
produced and the 333 MHz, called the
“Deschutes,” a few months later
• Deschutes was the first chip to implement .25
Pentium II (Can't)
• Next Came the 350 and 400 MHz processors
• The first processors to introduce a 100 MHz front side bus
• April 1998 another motherboard was released, which led
to the last Pentium II chip
• Running at 450 MHz with 512 KB of cache memory
running at one half clock speed
Pentium II (Can't)
Processor
Clock Speed
Bus Speed
Clock
Multiplier
PII 233
233 MHz
66 MHz
3.5x
PII 266
266 MHz
66 MHz
4x
PII 300
300 MHz
66 MHz
4.5x
PII 333
333 MHz
66 MHz
5x
PII 350
350 MHz
100 MHz
3.5x
PII 400
400 MHz
100 MHz
4x
PII 450
450 MHz
100 MHz
4.5x
The Celeron processor
• In an attempt to regain the loses in the sub $1000
computer market, the Celeron processor was
produced in early 1998
• Based heavily on the Pentium II, except was
without the level 2 cache and plastic casing
• The removal of the casing allowed for easier
cooling, but having no level 2 cache SEVERLY
reduced speed.
• Originally ran at 266 and 300 MHz
• Finally in August 1998 the Celeron A was
The Pentium II Xeon processor
• June 29, 1998 the Pentium II Xeon processor was
released to the public
• The processor was geared solely toward the highend workstation and server market. It was not for
home or personal use since servers often require a
chip more powerful than 512 MB
• The Xeon was also built on the Deschutes core
• The level 2 cache was made with different chips
called “CSRAM” (Custom Standard RAM), which
was made specially by Intel
• Required extreme cooling so it had a very large
Xeon (Can't)
• The Xeon had some other special features
- Can support up to 8 CPUs in one system
- The cache was limited at 64 GB, done through 36-bit address
bus
- Runs a 100 MHz front side bus with a maximum band width of
800 MB/sec
- Contains a built in thermal sensor
- Used a new kind of ROM called PIROM which stantds for
processor information ROM
- This made the processor much more flexible to specifications
The Pentium III processor
• The Pentium III was to the Pentium II what the Pentium
MMX was to the original Pentium
• Released in February 1999
• Equipped with 70 new instructions to improve 3D and multimedia applications
• Main difference between the PIII and the other Pentiums
was that it implemented the SSE instructions, which
accelerates floating-point instructions over the display
adapter
The Pentium IV processor
• The latest processor produced by Intel and also the fastest,
from 1.6 to 2.4 GB
• Implements the Intel® NetBurst™ architecture
– A 400 MHz system bus brought achieved through a physical
signaling scheme of quad pumping the data transfers over a
100-MHz clocked system bus and a buffering scheme
– Uses SSE2 which extends the old SSE with 144 new
instructions, including 128 bit integer and floating point
calculations, and an added data movement register was also
added which improves both floating point and multimedia
applications
Intel Processors
In The Enterprise
[email protected]
Business Development
Intel GmbH, Munich
Outline
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What is a CPU?
Current Technologies
CPU, memory and Motherboards
Concentrate on x86 architectures
– INTEL
– AMD
• Longer view
• Parallel CPUs
• Overview of Other vendors
What is a CPU? (1)
• A CPU is comprised of
– Clock to 3GHz
• The controls how often an instruction can be performed
– Integer Units 1 to N
• Used to perform integer maths
– Floating point Units 1 to N
• 32/64bit arithmetic
– Memory Cache L1, L2 and L3
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Instruction and data Caches
L1 Typically 8-64k
L2 128-512k
L3 as large as 8MB
– Memory Bus
• Speed
– bus speed 100Mhz or higher
• Width
What is a CPU? (2)
– Memory Architecture
• SDRAM
– One fetch per bus cycle
• DDR
– Two fetches per bus Cycle
• RDRAM
– Special Units
• SSE single precision (32 bits ) SIMD units
• SSE2 Double precision (64 bits) SIMD units
– SIMD – single instruction multiple data
• Eg A(1:100)=A(1:100)*.08
Current Technologies - Intel (1)
• Intel Offerings Celeron and PIII
– SSE , single precision SIMD units
– BLAS libraries very fast (using ATLAS
700Mflops DGEMM (70% of peak) for 1GHz
PIII (256k L2)
Chip
GHz
Bus Speed L1 cache
L2 Cache
Spec int Spec fp
Celeron
1.2
100 32k (16k I 16k D) 256k
– PIII dropped
Celeron
1.3
100 32k (16k I 16k D) 256k
474
301
Celeron
1.8 moved
400 20kto
(8k IPIV
12k D) core
128k as of 1.7GHz
– Celeron
PIII
1.13
133 32k (16k I 16k D) 512k
561
377
PIII – See 1.266
133numbers
32k (16k I 16k D) 512k
611
415
for latest
PIII
1.4
133 32k (16k I 16k D) 512k
648
437
Current Technologies - Intel (2)
• Intel Offerings PIV, Xeon, Itanium (IA64)
– PIV
– BLAS libraries very fast (using ATLAS)
• SSEII - double precision SIMD
• 2.8Gflops for 2.2GHz P4 (using SSEII)
– Xeon
• PIV core with SMT (symmetric multithreading)
–Chip
Itanium
2
GHz
Bus Speed L1 cache
L2 Cache
Spec int Spec fp
P4 • EPIC
2.2 400 (64bit) 20k (12k I 8k D) 512k
746
659
1000MHz
P4 • 3.5 Gflops
2.53DGEMM
533 (64bit)for20k
(12k I 8k Itanium
D) 512k2
896
861
P4
2.8 533 (64bit) 20k (12k I 8k D) 512k
976
915
Xeon
2.4 400 (64bit) 20k (12k I 8k D) 512k
824
803
Itanium 2
1 400 (128bit) 32k (16k I 16k D) 256k / 3 MB L3
810
1356
• Price of itanium prohibitively expensive
Current Technologies - AMD (1)
• AMD Offerings Duron, AthlonXP and
AthlonXP
– Duron, (phased out?) AthlonXP for single
CPU
– AthlonMP
required for Dual
SMPSpec int Spec fp
Chip
GHz
Bus Speed L1 cache
L2 Cache
Duron
1.2 200 (100*2)
128k (64 I 64 D)
64k
428
428
–
SSE
,
single
precision
SIMD
units
AthlonXP 1.8 (2200)* 266 (133*2) 128k (64 I 64 D) 256k
738
624
2.133(2600)* 266 (133*2) 128k (64 I 64 D) 256k
813
655
– BLAS
libraries
very
fast
(using
ATLAS)
2.25(2800)* 333(166*2) 128k (64 I 64 D) 256k
898
782
AthlonMP•1.67
266 (133*2)
128k (64
I 64 D)of256k
2.4(2000)**
Glops
DGEMM
(75%
peak)
1.8 (2200)* 266 (133*2) 128k (64 I 64 D) 256k
AthlonMP
* "Thoroughbred"
Core **Palomino Core
618
1.6GHz
699
544
592
Current Technologies Motherboards
• PIII, PIV and AthlonMP available in Dual form
– Both Xeons and AlthonMP cost more
– a 1.8GHz AthlonMP costs ~1.5x 1.8GHz AthlonXP
– a 2.4GHz Xeon costs ~1.5x 2.4GHz PIV
– A 2.4GHz Xeon costs 1.3x 1.8GHz AthlonXP
– 64bit/66MHz PCI for both
• Motherboard costs
– AthlonMP Tyan S2462UVM (SCSI, PCI, 100Mbit)
– ~x2 Xeon supermicro P4DP6 (SCSI, PCI-X,100Mbit)
– 1U rack mount routine
– Blades becoming available for even higher density
– PCI-X 64bit/133MHz
• Very interesting for high speed interconnects
• PIV Quad motherboards
– Expensive
– Limited memory bandwidth - bus based
CPUs on the horizon Intel (1)
• Very difficult predicting the future 
• Intel.
• Celeron
– 1.7GHz , 1.9GHz, 2GHz (128 L2) Q3 and Q4 (P4 core)
– single CPU only ?
• PIII
– 1.4GHz probably the last CPU?
• PIV/Xeon
– 3.06 GHz (512k L2) 533MHz bus (4*133) November
2002
– 3.2 GHz (512k L2) 533MHz bus (4*133) Q1-2 2003
• XeonMP –high-end
– 256k L2, 1MB L3 1.6GHz –2GHz systems with 4 or
more process.
• PIV Prescott – crystal ball gazing
CPUs on the horizon Intel (2)
• IA-64
– Compiler choice critical
– 32bit x86 code supported but how
fast?
• McKinley Itanium 2
– 1GHz 1.5MB-3MB L3 cache
– 400MHz bus (cf itanium 266MHz)
– very expensive 10 time the cost of PIV?
• Madison
– 1.2/1.6 GHz > 3MB L3 cache 2H 2003
CPUs on the horizon AMD (1)
• AMD
• Duron silently dropped?
• AMD AthlonXP and MP lines
– 2800 333MHz FSB, 256k L2 cache
– 3000 and beyond 333MHz FSB, 512k L2
cache “Barton” H1 2003
CPUs on the horizon AMD(2)
• AMD HAMMER Series 4th Q 2002 1st
2003
– 64bit x86 CPU with 32bit x86 native
– SSE and SSEII SIMD units
– AMD - 8000 Chipset (Hyper transport)
• PCI - X (133MHz)
Parallel CPUs (1)
• Parallel high end CPUs
• Itanium 2
– DMH (DDR memory Hub)
• Good memory bandwidth
• (6.4GB/s)
– Poor scalability, all shared!
–
Parallel CPUs (2)
• Parallel high end CPUs
• Hammer/Opteron
2 way
– 5.4GB/s memory bandwidth
– Non shared therefore scales well
– Ideal for memory intensive calcs
• Cc-numa problems for Linux?
4 way
Other vendors
• There are still other vendors in the market place
• SGI, SUN, COMPAQ, HP, IBM
• SGI
– R14k 600MHz , Specint 483, Specfp 499
• Not very fast but large scale cc-numa SMP systems 1024 procs
• Moving to IA-64
• SUN
– Ultra sparc III (1050MHz, Specint 537, Specfp 701
• Speed OK but medium sized SMP systems
• COMPAQ/HP
– Alphaserver systems - EV68 1.25GHz , Specint 928, specfp 1327
• fast cpu and systems 1 - 32 cpu SMP
• Moving to IA-64 with HP
• HP
– 750MHz PA-8600, Specint 569, Specfp 526
– Heavily involved with IA-64
– 1GHz Itaniumn 2 Specint 807, specfp 1356
Evolution of Microprocessor
Technology
60-70% target perf
increase
Performance
Itanium™ processor
EPIC: Even greater instructions / cycle
486/Pentium® processor
RISC technologies
2 instructions / cycle
386 32-bit architecture
1 instruction / cycle
20-30% increase per year
from semiconductor
technology
8086/286 CISC
.3 ins / cycle
Time
1980 1985
1990
2000
2007
Software on Intel® Xeon™ processor
family
• More bandwidth, throughput and
thread-level parallelism
• Better scalability for larger server
workloads
• Outstanding platform
performance
• Scale up to 4-way then scaling out
in clusters of 4-way
• Optimum price / performance
Intel® Itanium™ Processor
Family
http://www.intel.com/ebusiness/
SC5200 - What’s New?
• Redundant cooling
– Including power supply fans
• All chassis fans now hot-swappable
– Easy tool-free access
and replacement of HS Fans
– Two fans at rear, three inside
• Improved serviceability
– Color coding of service “touch points”
• Green for hot swappable components, blue for
service access points
– Tool-less PCI card retention
®
www.intel.com