Transcript File - Ms. Salvador

THE HISTORY OF
COMPUTERS AND
THE INNOVATORS
FROM THERE TO HERE
WHAT TO UNDERSTAND FIRST
Simplest definition of a computer: A device that
processes input and generates output
A computer is a machine that takes input from the user
and gives output. So, you give the computer a command
and it follows it to produce a result.
Computers have a microprocessor that can make
calculations instantly. Lots of things have microprocessors,
such as your car, your washing machine, your dishwasher
and even your television.
Computers have memory or RAM, which stores items on
the computer when they’re not in use. The processor
stores everything your computer needs to run.
INNOVATORS AND
INVENTORS
• John Napier (1550-1617)
• The ENIAC Team
• Blaise Pascal’s (16231662)
• Grace Murray Hopper
(1906-1992)
• Charles Babbage (17911871)
• Ralph H. Baer (1922-
2014)
• Ada Lovelace (1815-1852)
• Bill Gates (1955-)
• George Boole (1815-1864)
• Steve Jobs (1955-2011)
• Mark Zuckerberg
(1984-)
MECHANICAL COMPUTERS:
THE ABACUS (C. 3000 BCE)
NAPIER’S BONES AND
LOGARITHMS (1617)
Picture courtesy IBM
OUGHTRED’S (1621) AND
SCHICKARD‘S (1623]
SLIDE RULE
BLAISE PASCAL’S
PASCALINE (1645)
GOTTFRIED WILHELM VON LEIBNITZ’S
STEPPED RECKONER (1674)
JOSEPH-MARIE JACQUARD AND HIS
PUNCHED CARD CONTROLLED LOOMS
(1804)
PREPARING THE CARDS WITH THE
PATTERN FOR THE CLOTH TO BE WOVEN
CHARLES BABBAGE (1791-1871)
THE FATHER OF COMPUTERS
CHARLES BABBAGE’S DIFFERENCE
ENGINE
CHARLES BABBAGE’S ANALYTICAL ENGINE
WOMEN OF INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
• Ada Augusta Lovelace
– Worked with Charles
Babbage
– Programmed Analytical
Engine
Grace Hopper
Programmed UNIVAC
Recipient of Computer Science’s first
"Man of the Year Award“
Relay cards carried information
First Computer Bug - 1945
found an actual moth stuck to card
responsible for a malfunction
Called it "debugging" a computer
LADY AUGUSTA ADA
COUNTESS OF
LOVELACE
Read Lady Augusta Ada’s translation of Menabrea’s
Sketch of the Analytical Engine
ADA LOVELACE (1815-1852)
• Self proclaimed herself "an Analyst (& Metaphysician)“
• A gifted mathematician
• Wrote detailed instructions for the first computer,
translated the information for Babbage into multiple
languages.
• Lovelace played a key role that moved Babbage’s idea
beyond its inventor into the larger world.
• Theorized a method for the engine to repeat a series
of instructions, a process known as looping that
computer programs use today.
• Offered up other forward-thinking concepts,.
• For her work, Ada is often considered to be the first
computer programmer.
GEORGE BOOLE (1815-1864)
• Teacher at 16 years old
• Opened his own school at 20 years old
• At age 36, became Dean of Science at
Queens College in England
• In 1854, Boole published An Investigation
into the Laws of Thought, on Which are
founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic
and Probabilities.
• Boolean Logic
• AND, OR and NOT Gates.
HERMAN HOLLERITH AND HIS
CENSUS TABULATING MACHINE (1884)
A CLOSER LOOK AT THE CENSUS
TABULATING MACHINE
THE HARVARD MARK I (1944)
AKA IBM’S AUTOMATIC
SEQUENCE CONTROLLED
CALCULATOR (ASCC)
Rear Admiral Dr. Grace
Murray Hopper
THE FIRST COMPUTER
BUG
1939
THE ATANASOFF-BERRY COMPUTER (ABC)
The ABC was the first electronic digital computer, invented
by John Vincent Atanasoff
1943
BLETCHLEY PARK’S COLOSSUS
The Enigma
Machine
THE ENIAC:
ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL
INTEGRATOR AND COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING THE ENIAC
ENIAC’S WIRING!
John Von Neumann
John Von Neumann came up with the idea
of using part of the computer’s internal
memory (called Primary Memory) to
“store” the program inside the computer
and have the computer go get the
instructions from its own memory, just as
we do with our human brain.
1951
UNIVAC
Typical 1968 prices—EX-cluding maintenance & support!
BIRTH OF THE COMPONENTS
CONT’D
• The First Microprocessor –
1971
– The Intel 4004 had 2,250
transistors
– four-bit chunks (four 1’s or
0’s)
– 108Khz
– 0.6 Mips (million
instructions/sec)
– Pentium 133 - 300 Mips
– Called "Microchip“
BIRTH OF PERSONAL COMPUTERS
• Kenbak I – 1971
– Very primitive, just flashing
lights and buttons
– about $750
– MITS Altair - 1975
– 256 byte memory
– 2 MHz Intel 8080 chips
– Just a box with flashing
lights
– cost $395 kit, $495
assembled.
EVER EVOLVING WORLD OF THE PC
• IBM PC – 1981
– IBM-Intel-Microsoft joint
venture
– First wide-selling personal
computer used in business
– 8088 Microchip - 29,000
transistors
– 4.77 Mhz processing speed
– 256 K RAM (Random
Access Memory) standard
– One or two floppy disk
drives
EVER EVOLVING WORLD OF THE PC CONT’D
• Apple Computers
– Founded 1977
– Apple II released 1977 widely used in schools
– Macintosh - released in 1984,
Motorola 68000 Microchip
processor (below)
– Macintosh is first commercial
computer with graphical
user interface (GUI) and
pointing device (mouse)
EVER EVOLVING WORLD OF THE PC CONT’D
• 1990s: Pentiums and Power
Macs
– Early 1990s began penetration
of computers into every niche:
every desk, most homes, etc.
– Faster, less expensive
computers paved way for this
– Windows 95 was first decent
GUI for "PCs"
– Macs became more PC
compatible - easy file transfers
– Prices have plummeted
RALPH H. BAER (1922-2014)
• The father of video games
• Magnavox Odyssey video-game
produced in 1972
• Developed advanced video game
technology for licensing to video-game
industry
• Developed a line of video-games (197576) for Coleco at Sanders.
RALPH H. BAER
ACCOMPLISHMENTS
BILL GATES (1955-)
• show an interest in computer
programming at age 13.
• Worked along side Paul Allen
• Created Micro-Soft in 1975
• Partnered with IBM
• MS-DOS was the first OS implemented.
• Created Windows in 1985
STEVE JOBS (1955-2011)
• Worked with Atari
• Co-Founder of Apple
Computers.
• Started in his garage with
Wozniak.
• Created a smaller and cheaper
and intuitive device
• 1990’s, revitalized Apple
MARK ZUCKERBERG (1984-)
• Love of computers at age 12.
• Created a Zucknet
• Created Synapse in HS; early
version of Pandora
• Built a program called
CourseMatch
• Co-founder and CEO of the
social-networking website
Facebook.
• Largest social media outlet.