Transcript HistoryOfComputers2011x

History of the
Computer
History of the Computer
• Mechanical Devices
• Electro-Mechanical Devices
• First Generation Computers
• The Stored Program Concept
Mechanical Devices
• Pascaline
• Stepped Reckoner
• Difference Engine
• Analytical Engine
Pascaline
•
Invented in 1642 by Blaise Pascal, a
French mathematician.
•
Used a complicated set of gears.
•
Could only perform addition and
subtraction.
•
The Pascaline never worked as it
was designed to.
Pascaline
Mechanical Devices
• Pascaline
• Stepped Reckoner
• Difference Engine
• Analytical Engine
Stepped Reckoner
•
•
•
Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm von
Leibniz in 1674 a German
mathematician.
Performed addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, and
calculated square roots(?).
Frequently malfunctioned due to
unreliable parts.
Stepped Reckoner
Mechanical Devices
• Pascaline
• Stepped Reckoner
• Difference Engine
• Analytical Engine
Difference Engine
•
•
•
•
Started by Charles Babbage in
1822.
Intended to calculate numbers to
20 decimal places.
Would have been used to calculate
navigational tables.
Never built, but led Babbage to
develop the Analytical Engine.
Difference Engine
Mechanical Devices
• Pascaline
• Stepped Reckoner
• Difference Engine
• Analytical Engine
Analytical Engine
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Designed around 1833.
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Used a set of instructions called a
program.
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Included a memory unit.
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Was never built.
•
Served as a model for modern
computers(?).
Analytical Engine, cont.
•
•
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Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace,
helped sponsor and aid Babbage in
his work.
Ada Bryon wrote a program for the
Analytical Engine.
Ada Byron said that she did not
believe that the Engine could ever
“originate anything.”
History of the Computer
• Mechanical Devices
• Electro-Mechanical Devices
• First Generation Computers
• The Stored Program Concept
History of the Computer:
Electro-Mechanical Devices
•
Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine
•
Mark I
Herman Hollerith’s
Tabulating Machine
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Developed for the U.S. Census in
1890.
•
Used electrical circuits rather than
gears.
•
Punched holes in cards represented
information.
Herman Hollerith’s
Tabulating Machine, cont.
• When metal pins through holes made
contact, the counter was
incremented.
• The general count was completed in
six weeks.
Herman Hollerith’s
Tabulating Machine, cont.
History of the Computer:
Electro-Mechanical Devices
•
Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine
•
Mark I
Mark I
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Created by a team from IBM and
Harvard University.
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The team was led by Howard Aiken.
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Data was input on punched cards.
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Used telephone relay switches to
store data.
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Could not make decisions.
Mark I, cont.
•
Considered by many to be a
calculator and not a computer.
•
Over 51 ft long and weighed 5 tons.
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Comprised of over 750,000 parts
making it unreliable.
•
Used to make range tables for
artillery during WWII.
Mark I, cont.
History of the Computer:
First Generation Computers
• Mechanical Devices
• Electro-Mechanical Devices
• First Generation Computers
• The Stored Program Concept
History of Computers:
First Generation Computers
•
Atanasoff-Berry Computer
•
ENIAC
•
Computer defined
Atanasoff-Berry Computer
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First electronic computer.
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Built between 1939 and 1942 at
Iowa State University by John
Atanasoff and Clifford Berry.
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Used the binary (0s and 1s) number
system.
Atanasoff-Berry Computer
History of Computers:
First Generation Computers
•
Atanasoff-Berry Computer
•
ENIAC
•
Computer defined
ENIAC
•
•
•
•
Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Computer.
Like the Mark I, built to calculate
range tables for artillery shells.
Completed at the University of
Pennsylvania in 1946 by J. Presper
Eckert and John Mauchly.
Used 17,000 vacuum tubes which
required special fans for cooling.
ENIAC
History of Computers:
First Generation Computers
•
Atanasoff-Berry Computer
•
ENIAC
•
Computer defined
Computer
• A computer is an electronic
machine that accepts data,
processes it according to
instructions (program), and
provides the results as new data.
• A computer can make simple
decisions and comparisons.
History of Computers: The
Stored Program Computer
• Mechanical Devices
• Electro-Mechanical Devices
• First Generation Computers
• The Stored Program Computer
The Stored Program Computer
•
Alan Turing and the “Universal
Machine.”
•
Program
•
CPU
•
EDVAC & EDSAC
•
Machine language
•
UNIVAC
Alan Turing and the
“Universal Machine”
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Developed in the 1930s and 40s.
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Machine would change tasks by
changing programs.
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The “Universal Machine” was a
mathematical idea.
•
Alan Turing was a British
mathematician.
History of the Computer:
The Stored Program Computer
•
Alan Turing and the “Universal
Machine.”
•
Program
•
CPU
•
EDVAC & EDSAC
•
Machine language
•
UNIVAC
Program
A program is a list of instructions
written in a special language that the
computer understands.
History of the Computer:
The Stored Program Computer
•
Alan Turing and the “Universal
Machine.”
•
Program
•
CPU
•
EDVAC & EDSAC
•
Machine language
•
UNIVAC
CPU
•
•
•
John von Neumann introduced the
idea of the stored program
computer.
Instructions would be stored in
memory and executed in the CPU or
Central Processing Unit.
The CPU controlled the different
functions of the computer
electronically.
History of the Computer:
The Stored Program Computer
•
Alan Turing and the “Universal
Machine.”
•
Program
•
CPU
•
EDVAC & EDSAC
•
Machine language
•
UNIVAC
EDVAC & EDSAC
•
Electronic Discrete Variable
Automatic Calculator was built by
Eckert, Mauchly, and von Neumann.
•
Electronic Delay Storage
Automatic Computer was built by
Maurice Wilkes at Cambridge
University in England.
History of the Computer:
The Stored Program Computer
•
Alan Turing and the “Universal
Machine.”
•
Program
•
CPU
•
EDVAC & EDSAC
•
Machine language
•
UNIVAC
Machine Language
The language that the computer
understands. This language can
represent switches as a series of 0s
and 1s (0 is off and 1 is on).
History of the Computer:
The Stored Program Computer
•
Alan Turing and the “Universal
Machine.”
•
Program
•
CPU
•
EDVAC & EDSAC
•
Machine language
•
UNIVAC
UNIVAC
•
Universal Automatic Computer
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Built by Eckert and Mauchly.
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Sold to the Census Bureau in 1951.
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All first generation computers used
vacuum tubes which made them
large and expensive to purchase
and run.
History of the Computer:
Introducing the Computer
•
Second Generation Computers
•
High-Level Programming
Languages
•
Third Generation Computers
•
Mainframes
Second Generation
Computers
•
Transistor
•
Model 650
•
Read, Write
Transistor
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Invented by William Shockley, John
Bardeen, and Walter Brittain of
Bell Laboratories.
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Made computers smaller and less
expensive.
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Increased calculating speeds.
Second Generation
Computers
•
Transistor
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Model 650
•
Read, Write
Model 650
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Introduced by IBM in the early
1960s.
•
Purchased by government and
business organizations.
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Popular in spite of its cost.
Second Generation
Computers
•
Transistor
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Model 650
•
Read, Write
Read, Write
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Magnetic tape and reel-to-reel tape
machines began to be used to store
and retrieve data and instructions.
•
Magnetic tape made data storage
and retrieval much faster.
•
Punched cards were still in use, not
replaced.
Read, Write, cont.
History of the Comuter:
Introducing the Computer
•
Second Generation Computers
•
High-Level Programming
Languages
•
Third Generation Computers
•
Mainframes
High-Level Programming
Languages
•
Need for
•
FORTRAN
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COBOL/Ada
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BASIC
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C
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C++
•
Java
Need For
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Machine language programs are
hard to write.
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High-Level languages use Englishlike statements that are easier to
understand.
High-Level Programming
Languages
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Need for
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FORTRAN
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COBOL/Ada
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BASIC
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C
•
C++
•
Java
FORTRAN
•
Formula Translator or FORTRAN
was developed in 1957 by John
Backus. Used commands such as
“READ” and “WRITE”.
•
Use primarily for scientific and
engineering purposes.
High-Level Programming
Languages
•
Need for
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FORTRAN
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COBOL/Ada
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BASIC
•
C
•
C++
•
Java
COBOL
•
COmmon Business Oriented
Language was developed by Grace
Murray Hopper for the Department
of Defense in 1959.
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Ada was also developed by the DOD
and named after Ada Byron.
High-Level Programming
Languages
•
Need for
•
FORTRAN
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COBOL
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BASIC
•
C
•
C++
•
Java
BASIC
•
Beginners All-purpose Symbolic
Instruction Code or BASIC was
developed at Dartmouth University in
the early 1960s by John Kemeny and
Thomas Kurtz.
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Developed as a language for teaching
computer programming.
•
Has evolved into Visual Basic (a
Microsoft product).
High-Level Programming
Languages
•
Need for
•
FORTRAN
•
COBOL
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BASIC
•
C
•
C++
•
Java
C/C++/Java
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•
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C was developed to create the
UNIX operating system.
C++ was developed to use a new
programming philosophy called
Object Oriented Programming.
Java is an Object Oriented
programming language mainly used
for device programming.
History of Computers:
Introducing the Computer
•
Second Generation Computers
•
High-Level Programming
Languages
•
Third Generation Computers
•
Mainframes
Third Generation Computers
•
Integrated Circuits
•
IBM System 360
Integrated Circuits
•
The IC or chip replaced
transistors just as transistors
replaced vacuum tubes.
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Independently invented by Jack
Kilby and Robert Noyce in 1961.
•
ICs are silicon wafers with circuits
etched in their surface.
Third Generation Computers
•
Integrated Circuits
•
IBM System 360
IBM System 360
•
One of the first computers to use
ICs.
•
Relatively inexpensive; allows
smaller businesses and universities
to purchase computers.
History of Computers:
Introducing the Computer
•
Second Generation Computers
•
High-Level Programming
Languages
•
Third Generation Computers
•
Mainframes
Mainframes
a. Definition
b. IBM System 360
c. Use
d. Terminals
Definition of a Mainframe
A mainframe is a large computer
system that is usually used for multiuser applications.
Mainframes
•
Definition
•
IBM System 360
•
Use
•
Terminals
IBM System 360
The IBM System 360 was one of the
first mainframes available.
STOP
History of Computers:
Introducing the Computer
• Fourth Generation Computers
• The Personal Computer
• Memory: ROM and RAM
• The CPU
• Bits and Bytes
Fourth Generation
Computers
•
Microprocessor
•
Microcomputer
Microprocessor
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Invented by Marcian Hoff at Intel
Corporation.
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Places an entire CPU on a chip.
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Made possible the fourth
generation of computers.
Fourth Generation
Computers
•
Microprocessor
•
Microcomputer
Microcomputer
1) Made possible by the
microprocessor.
2) Fits on a desk and are now usually
called personal computers.
3) First was the Altair built in 1975.
4) In 1976 Stephen Wozniak and
Steven Jobs designed and built the
first Apple computer.
History of the Computer:
Introducing the Computer
9. Fourth Generation Computers
10. The Personal Computer
11. Memory: ROM and RAM
12. The CPU
13. Bits and Bytes
The Personal Computer
1) Often called “PC” which is usually
associated with “IBM compatible”
PC.
2) “Mac” is short for Macintosh which
is an Apple product.
3) Personal computers contain four
types of hardware components.
4) Data flow diagram
The Personal Computer
1) Often called “PC” which is usually
associated with “IBM compatible”
PC.
2) “Mac” is short for Macintosh which
is an Apple product.
3) Personal computers contain four
types of hardware components.
4) Data flow diagram
Hardware Components
a) Input devices – Allows the
computer to accept data: keyboard,
CD-ROM drive, disk drive, mouse,
etc.
b) Memory – Integrated circuits
within the base unit that is used to
store data.
Hardware Components
a) CPU(Central Processing Unit) – An
IC within the base unit that
processes data and controls the
flow of data between the
computer’s other units.
b) Output Devices – Devices that
display or store processed data:
monitors, printers, disk drives, etc.
The Personal Computer
1) Often called “PC” which is usually
associated with “IBM compatible”
PC.
2) “Mac” is short for Macintosh which
is an Apple product.
3) Personal computers contain four
types of hardware components.
4) Data flow diagram
Data Flow Diagram
Input
Memory
CPU
Output
Chapter I: Introducing the
Computer
9. Fourth Generation Computers
10. The Personal Computer
11. Memory: ROM and RAM
12. The CPU
13. Bits and Bytes
Memory: ROM and RAM
a. ROM
b. RAM
Memory: ROM and RAM
a. ROM
b. RAM
ROM
1) ROM: Read-Only-Memory
2) Contains basic operating
instructions for the computer
(Basic Input Output System or
BIOS).
3) The instructions stored in ROM are
not lost when the computer is
turned off.
Memory: ROM and RAM
a. ROM
b. RAM
RAM
1) Random Access Memory
2) Temporary memory where programs
and data are stored.
3) The contents of RAM may be
changed.
4) Anything left in RAM when the
computer is turned off is lost and
cannot be retrieved.
Chapter I: Introducing the
Computer
9. Fourth Generation Computers
10. The Personal Computer
11. Memory: ROM and RAM
12. The CPU
13. Bits and Bytes
The CPU
a. CPU – Central processing unit
b. Directs the processing of
information throughout the
computer.
c. Executes instructions received
from RAM or ROM.
d. Contains the ALU (Arithmetic Logic
Unit).
Chapter I: Introducing the
Computer
9. Fourth Generation Computers
10. The Personal Computer
11. Memory: ROM and RAM
12. The CPU
13. Bits and Bytes
Bits and Bytes
a. Binary
b. Bit/byte
c. ASCII
d. Memory Size
Bits and Bytes
a. Binary
b. Bit/byte
c. ASCII
d. Memory Size
Binary
1) Data is manipulated within a
computer by turning switches on or
off. On can be represented by the
digit 1 and off by the digit 0.
2) This makes the binary number
system ideal for mathematically
representing the internal workings
of a computer.
Bits and Bytes
a. Binary
b. Bit/byte
c. ASCII
d. Memory Size
Bit/Byte
1) Bit stands for BInary DigiT.
2) Eight bits make one byte.
Bits and Bytes
a. Binary
b. Bit/byte
c. ASCII
d. Memory Size
ASCII
1) American Standard Code for
Information Interchange.
2) Developed in the early 1960s to
allow computers to exchange
information.
3) Each character and control
function is assigned a value
between 0 and 127.
ASCII, cont.
Letter
Decimal
Binary
A
65
1000001
$
36
0100100
cr
13
0001101
Bits and Bytes
a. Binary
b. Bit/byte
c. ASCII
d. Memory Size
Memory Size
1) The size of a computer’s memory is
measured in bytes.
2) Suffixes are used to make the
numbers more manageable:
K(b) – kilobyte (1,024)
mb – megabyte(1,048,576)
gb – gigabyte (1,073,741,824)
tb – terabyte (1,099,511,627,776)
Chapter I: Introducing the
Computer
14. Storage Devices
15. Peripheral Devices
Storage Devices
a. (floppy) Diskette
b. Hard drive
c. CD-ROM (RW)
d. DVD-ROM
e. USB Mass Storage
(floppy) Diskette
1) Called a “floppy” because the
platter inside is floppy plastic
covered with ferrous oxide (rust).
2) Data is stored magnetically like
songs are stored on cassette tapes.
3) Can usually store 1.44 mb of data.
Storage Devices
a. (floppy) Diskette
b. Hard drive
c. CD-ROM (RW)
d. DVD-ROM
e. USB Mass Storage
Hard Drive
1) Called a hard drive because the
platters are hard not floppy.
2) Can store thousands or hundreds of
thousands times more data than a
floppy diskette.
3) Data is still stored magnetically.
Storage Devices
a. (floppy) Diskette
b. Hard drive
c. CD-ROM (RW)
d. DVD-ROM
e. USB Mass Storage
CD-ROM (RW)
1) Data is stored in such a way that it
can be retrieved with laser light.
2) A CD-ROM can hold approx. 650 mb
of data.
3) A CD-RW can be used like a floppy
diskette. Data on the diskette can
be changed.
Storage Devices
a. (floppy) Diskette
b. Hard drive
c. CD-ROM (RW)
d. DVD-ROM
e. USB Mass Storage
DVD-ROM
1) Same as CD-ROM only bigger.
2) Can store approx. 4.7 gb of data.
Storage Devices
a. (floppy) Diskette
b. Hard drive
c. CD-ROM (RW)
d. DVD-ROM
e. USB Mass Storage
USB Mass Storage
1) Uses “flash memory” for storage.
2) Available from 16mb to 2gb.
3) Uses USB connector.
Chapter I: Introducing the
Computer
14. Storage Devices
15. Peripheral Devices
Peripheral Devices
a. Printers
b. Scanners
Printers
1) Dot matrix (nearly obsolete)
2) Inkjet (mainstream printer)
3) Laser (common)
4) Color Laser (getting cheaper)
5) A printer is also an output device.
Peripheral Devices
a. Printers
b. Scanners
Scanners
1) Used to input pictures or
documents as images.
2) Is also an input device.
Chapter I: Introducing the
Computer
16. Telecommunication
17. Networks
18. Network Services
19. Using a Network
20. The World Wide Web (WWW)
21. The Software Revolution