Transcript CPU

CPU and Motherboard
Data and Program Representation
• Why are they called Digital Computers?
• Code systems - Morris code ?
Data and Program Representation
• Digital Data Representation
– Coding Systems
• Used to represent data and programs in a manner
understood by the computer
– Digital Computers
• Can only understand two states, off and on
(0 and 1)
– Digital Data Representation
• The process of representing
data in digital form so it can
be understood by a computer
Data and Program Representation
― Bit
• The smallest unit of data that a
binary computer can recognize
(a single 1 or 0)
– Byte = 8 bits
• Byte terminology used to express
the size of documents and other
files, programs, etc.
– Prefixes are often used to express larger quantities
of bytes: kilobyte (KB), megabyte (MB), gigabyte
(GB), terabyte (TB), petabyte (PB), exabyte (EB),
zettabyte (ZB), yottabyte (YB).
Data and Program Representation
• Coding Systems for TextBased Data
―ASCII, EBCDIC, and Unicode
• ASCII (American Standard
Code for Information
Interchange)
• Coding system traditionally
used with personal computers
– Open word Wingding
– Open ASCII excel file
Quick Quiz
1. Another way to say “one million bytes” is
a. one kilobyte
b. one gigabyte
c. one megabyte
2. True or False: MP3 files are stored using 0s
and 1s.
3. The _____________ numbering system is
used by computers to perform mathematical
computations.
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The Motherboard
• Motherboard or system board:
• The main circuit board inside the system unit
– All computer components must connect to the
motherboard
– External devices (monitors, keyboards, mice,
printers) typically connect by plugging into a port
exposed through the exterior of the system unit
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The Motherboard
• Computer Chip
– Very small pieces of silicon or other semiconducting material onto which integrated circuits
are embedded
• Circuit Board
– A thin board containing computer chips and other
electronic components
• Motherboard or System Board
– The main circuit board inside the system unit
– All devices must connect to the motherboard
The CPU
• Central processing unit (CPU):
– Does the vast majority of processing for a
computer
– Also called a processor; called a microprocessor
when talking about PCs
• Dual-core CPU: Contain the processing
components (cores) of two separate
processors on a single Chip
• Quad-core CPU: Contains 4 cores
• Often made by Intel or AMD
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The CPU
Price watch: Price watch .COM
PassMark Software: CPUBenchMark.net
Cnet: reviews.cnet.com
Tom’s hardware: Tomshardware.com
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Computer Performance
• What drives the current performance
computer market?
– A)Business Desktops
– B)Media Center/Home Theater PC
– C)Gaming PC
– D)Business Workstations
– E) Home and Internet PCs
ENIAC, 1946, The Beginning
• First general-purpose electronic computer
• ENIAC contained 17,468 vacuum tubes, 7,200
crystal diodes, 1,500 relays, 70,000 resistors, 5
million hand-soldered joints.
• It weighed 27 tons
• Was roughly 8.5 by 3 by 80 feet (680 square feet)
• Consumed 150 kW of power.
• It could take three weeks to set up a program on
ENIAC and get it working
• Could perform 5,000 additions per second
The incredible shrinking Transistor
• How far have we come since the first computer
• Moore’s Law - Intel co-founder Gordon E. Moore
predicted that the number of transistors on a CPU
would double about every 18-24 months
• CPUs today contain hundreds of millions of
transistors
• More transistors means more processing power
– Gives product developers the ability to predict future
hardware capabilities and develop products for
hardware that does not exist yet.
The incredible shrinking Transistor: MB video
From Sand to Processor
• How CPUs are made?
– Your CPU Came From Sand
– Silicon wafer cut from Mono-crystal Silicon Ingot
– Coating photo-sensitive materials
– Etching
– Ion Implantation and layering special materials
– Electroplating to create connection wires
– appliedmaterials.com , Philips
CPU – Motherboard and OS
CPU
architecture
affects
performance
Operating
systems must
take advantage
of the CPU
architecture to
gain benefit
Motherboard
must be
designed to
accept type of
CPU
Processing Speed
• CPU clock speed:
– Measured in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz)
– Higher CPU clock speed = more instructions processed
per second (within any given processor family)
• Instructions a CPU can process per second megaflops, gigaflops, teraflops
• Other factors (CPU architecture, memory, bus
speed, etc.) also affect the overall processing
speed of a computer
• Benchmark tests
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Closed
Open
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The System Clock and the Machine Cycle
• System clock: Timing mechanism within the
computer system that synchronizes the
computer’s operations
– Each signal is a cycle
– Number of cycles per second = hertz (Hz)
– During each CPU clock tick, one or more pieces
of microcode are processed
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