Transcript The Components of the System Unit

CSC134 : COMPUTER & INFORMATION PROCESSING
The Components of the
System Unit
Suhailah Mohd Yusof
Department of Computer Science, UiTM Kedah
[email protected] | 011-11418288|
http://habibalbi.weebly.com
At the end of this lesson, you
should be able to:
Differentiate among
various styles of
system units on
desktop computers,
notebook computers,
and mobile devices
Identify chips, adapter
cards, and other
components of a
motherboard
Describe the control
unit and arithmetic
logic unit components
of a processor, and
explain the four steps
in a machine cycle
Identify characteristics
of various personal
computer processors
on the market today,
and describe the ways
processors are cooled
Define a bit and
describe how a series
of bits represents data
Explain how program
instructions transfer in
and out of memory
See Page 209
for Detailed Objectives
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At the end of this lesson, you
should be able to:
Differentiate among the
various types of memory
Describe the purpose and
types of expansion slots and
adapter cards, and
differentiate among slots for
various removable flash
memory devices
Differentiate between a port
and a connector, and explain
the differences among a USB
port, FireWire port,
Bluetooth port, SCSI port,
eSATA port, IrDA port, serial
port, and MIDI port
Describe the types of buses
in a computer
Explain the purpose of a
power supply and describe
how it keeps cool
Understand how to clean a
system unit on a computer
or mobile device
See Page 209
for Detailed Objectives
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The System Unit
• The system unit is a case that contains electronic
components of the computer used to process data
Page 210
Figure 4-1
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The System Unit
• The inside of the system unit on a desktop
personal computer includes:
Drive bay(s)
Power supply
Sound card
Video card
Processor
Memory
Page 211
Figure 4-2
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The System Unit
• The motherboard is the main circuit board of the
system unit


Contains expansion slots, processor chips, and memory slots
Sometimes called a system board
What is a computer
chip?
Small piece of semi-conducting material
on which integrated circuits are etched
Page 212
Figure 4-3
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Processor
• The processor, also called the central
processing unit (CPU), interprets and carries
out the basic instructions that operate a
computer
– Contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit
(ALU)
Multi-core
processor
Page 213
Dual-core
processor
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a
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Quad-core
processor
7
Processor
 Control unit directs and
coordinates operations in
computer
 Arithmetic logic unit
(ALU) performs
arithmetic, comparison,
and logical operations
Processor
Control
Control
Unit
Unit
Arithmetic
Arithmetic
Logic
Logic Unit
Unit (ALU)
(ALU)
Instructions
Data
Information
Input
Devices
Data
Memory
Instructions
Data
Information
Storage
Devices
p. 213 Fig. 4-4
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a
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Information
Output
Devices
Processor
What is a machine cycle?

Four operations of the
CPU comprise a
machine cycle
Step 1. Fetch
Obtain program instruction
or data item from memory
Memory
Step 2.
Decode
Step 4. Store
Translate
instruction into
commands
Write result to memory
Processor
ALU
Step 3. Execute
Carry out command
p. 215 Fig. 4-5
Control Unit
Processor
The processor contains registers, that
temporarily hold data and instructions
The system clock controls the timing of
all computer operations
• The pace of the system clock is called the clock
speed, and is measured in gigahertz (GHz)
• (1 GHz = one billion ticks of system clock per second)
Page 216
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Processor
• The leading
manufacturers of
personal computer
processor chips are
Intel and AMD
Pages 216 – 217
Figure 4-7
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Processor
• A processor chip
generates heat that
could cause the chip
to burn up
• Require additional
cooling
– Heat sinks
– Liquid cooling
technology
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 4, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Liquid Cooling
below Chapter 4
Pages 219 - 220
Figures 4-9 – 4-10
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Lets test your Mind
• In essence, we all use the four operations
of the machine cycle every day. For
example, when placing an order in a fastfood restaurant we fetch (read the
menu), decode (translate the menu into
an order), execute (place the order),
and store (take our food to the car). Can
you think of other occasions that imitate
the four operations of the machine cycle.
Data Representation
Analog signals are continuous and vary
in strength and quality
Digital signals are in one of two states:
on or off
• Most computers are digital
• The binary system uses two unique digits (0 and
1)
• Bits and bytes
Page 221
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Data Representation
A computer circuit represents
the 0 or the 1 electronically by
the presence or absence of an
electrical charge
ON
Eight bits grouped together
as a unit are called a byte. A
byte represents a single
character in the computer
Provides enough different combinations of
0s and 1s to represent 256 individual
characters (Numbers, Uppercase and
lowercase letters, Punctuation marks)
OFF
Page 221
Figures 4-12 – 4-13
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Data Representation
• ASCII (American
Standard Code for
Information
Interchange) is the
most widely used
coding scheme to
represent data
Page 221
Figure 4-14
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Data Representation
Page 222
Figure 4-15
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Lets Test your Memory
Please seat according to your group.
Read and answer all the questions given.
You may discuss with your group members.
Duration:15 minutes
We will discuss the answer.
Memory
• Memory consists of electronic components that
store instructions waiting to be executed by the
processor, data needed by those instructions, and
the results of processing the data
• Stores three basic categories of items:
The operating
system and
other system
software
Page 223
Application
programs
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a
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Data being
processed and
the resulting
information
19
Memory
• Each location in memory has an address
• Memory size is measured in kilobytes (KB or
K), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), or
terabytes (TB)
Page 223
Figure 4-17
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Memory
• There are two types of memory:
Volatile memory
Nonvolatile
memory
Loses its contents
when power is
turned off
Does not lose
contents when
power is removed
Example includes
RAM
Examples include
ROM, flash memory,
and CMOS
Pages 223 - 224
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Memory
How do program instructions transfer in and out of RAM?
Step 1. When you start the computer, certain
RAM
Operating system
instructions
Operating system
interface
operating system files are loaded into RAM from
the hard disk. The operating system displays the
user interface on the screen.
Step 2. When you start a Web browser, the
Web browser
instructions
Web browser
window
program’s instructions are loaded into RAM from
the hard disk. The Web browser window is
displayed on the screen.
Step 3. When you start a paint program, the
Paint program
instructions
Paint program
window
program’s instructions are loaded into RAM from
the hard disk. The paint program, along with the
Web Browser and certain operating system
instructions are in RAM. The paint program
window is displayed on the screen.
RAM
Step 4. When you quit a program, such as the
Web browser, its program instructions are
removed from RAM. The Web browser is no
longer displayed on the screen.
p. 224 Fig. 4-8
Web browser program
instructions are
removed from RAM
Web browser
window is no longer
displayed on
desktop
Memory
• Three basic types of RAM chips exist:
Dynamic RAM
(DRAM)
Page 225
Figure 4-19
Static RAM
(SRAM)
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Magnetoresistive
RAM (MRAM)
23
Memory
• RAM chips usually reside on a memory
module and are inserted into memory slots
Page 225
Figure 4-20
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Memory
• The amount of RAM necessary in a computer
often depends on the types of software you
plan to use
Page 226
Figure 4-21
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Memory
• Memory cache speeds the processes of the
computer because it stores frequently used
instructions and data
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 4, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Windows
ReadyBoost below Chapter 4
Page 227
Figure 4-22
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Memory
Read-only memory (ROM) refers to memory chips
storing permanent data and instructions
• Firmware
A PROM (programmable read-only memory) chip is a
blank ROM chip that can be written to permanently
• EEPROM can be erased
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 4, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click ROM
below Chapter 4
Page 228
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Memory
• Flash memory can be erased electronically
and rewritten
– CMOS technology provides high speeds and
consumes little power
Pages 228 – 229
Figure 4-23
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Memory
CMOS
Complementary
metal-oxide
semiconductor
memory
Uses battery
power to retain
information when
other power is
turned off
p. 146
Used in some
RAM chips, flash
memory chips, and
other types of
memory chips
Stores date,
time, and
computer’s
startup
information
Next
Memory
• Access time is the amount of time it takes
the processor to read from memory
– Measured in nanoseconds
Page 229
Figures 4-24 – 4-25
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Expansion Slots and Adapter
Cards
• An expansion slot is a
socket on the
motherboard that can
hold an adapter card
• An adapter card
enhances functions of a
component of the system
unit and/or provides
connections to
peripherals
– Sound card and video
card
Page 230
Figure 4-26
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Expansion Slots and Adapter
Cards
• With Plug and Play, the computer
automatically can configure adapter cards and
other peripherals as you install them
Pages 230 – 231
Figure 4-27
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Expansion Slots and Adapter
Cards
• Removable flash memory includes:
– Memory cards, USB flash drives, and PC
Cards/ExpressCard modules
Page 231
Figure 4-28
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Ports and Connectors
A port is the point at which a peripheral
attaches to or communicates with a
system unit (sometimes referred to as a
jack)
A connector joins a cable to a port
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 4, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Digital Audio Port
below Chapter 4
Page 232
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Ports and Connectors
Page 232
Figure 4-29
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Ports and Connectors
• On a notebook computer, the ports are on the
back, front, and/or sides
Pages 232 - 233
Figure 4-30
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Ports and Connectors
Page 233
Figure 4-31
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Ports and Connectors
• A USB port can connect up to 127 different
peripherals together with a single connector
– You can attach multiple peripherals using a single
USB port with a USB hub
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 4, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click USB Ports
below Chapter 4
Page 234
Figure 4-32
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Ports and Connectors
• Other types of ports include:
Firewire
port
eSATA
port
Bluetooth
port
SCSI port
IrDA port
Serial
port
MIDI port
Pages 234 - 236
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Ports and Connectors
A Bluetooth wireless port
adapter converts a USB port
into a Bluetooth port
Page 235
Figures 4-33 – 4-34
A smart phone might
communicate with a notebook
computer using an IrDA port
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Ports and Connectors
• A port replicator is an
external device that
provides connections to
peripherals through ports
built into the device
• A docking station is an
external device that
attaches to a mobile
computer or device
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 4, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Docking Station
below Chapter 4
Page 236
Figure 4-35
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Buses
• A bus allows the
various devices both
inside and attached to
the system unit to
communicate with each
other
– Data bus
– Address bus
• Word size is the
number of bits the
processor can interpret
and execute at a given
time
Page 237
Figure 4-36
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Buses
• Expansion slots connect to expansion buses
• Common types of expansion buses include:
PCI bus
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 4, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click FireWire
below Chapter 4
Page 238
Accelerated
Graphics
Port
PCI Express
bus
USB and
FireWire
bus
PC Card
bus
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Bays
• A bay is an opening
inside the system unit
in which you can
install additional
equipment
– A drive bay typically
holds disk drives
Page 238
Figure 4-37
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Power Supply
The power supply converts the
wall outlet AC power into DC
power
Some external peripherals have an
AC adapter, which is an external
power supply
Page 239
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Putting It All Together
Home
Intel Core 2 Quad or
Intel Core 2 Duo or
AMD Sempron
Minimum RAM: 2 GB
Small Office/
Home Office
Intel Core i7 or
Intel Core i7 Extreme or
AMD Athlon X2 or AMD
Athlon II X2 Dual-Code
Mobile
Intel Core i7 Extreme or
AMD Turion X2
Minimum RAM: 2 GB
Minimum RAM: 4 GB
Page 239
Figure 4-38
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Putting It All Together
Power
Intel Itanium 2 or AMD
6-Core Opteron or
Intel Quad Core Xeon
Minimum RAM: 8 GB
Enterprise
Intel Core i7 or Intel
Core i7 Extreme or
AMD Athlon X2 or
AMD Athlon II X2
Dual-Core
Minimum RAM: 4 GB
Page 239
Figure 4-38
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Keeping Your Computer
or Mobile Device Clean
Clean your computer or mobile device once or twice a
year
Turn off and unplug your computer or mobile device
before cleaning it
Use compressed air to blow away dust
Use an antistatic wipe to clean the exterior of the case
and a cleaning solution and soft cloth to clean the screen
Page 240
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Summary
Components of the
system unit
How memory stores
data, instructions,
and information
Comparison of
various personal
computer
processors on the
market today
Page 241
Sequence of
operations that
occur when a
computer executes
an instruction
How to clean the
exterior and interior
of a system unit
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a
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Bibliography
Book
• Shelly, Garry B., and Vermatt, Misty E., Discovering Computers,
Fundamentals: Living in a Digital World, 2011 Edition, Shelly
Cashman Series, Course Technology, Cengage Learning.
CLASS ACTIVITY 2
Objectives:
1. to generate idea and creativity skill
2. to apply the concept of system unit
• Please seat in your group
• You as a project manager is assign to develop a new
hardware device. You may invent (modify the current device)
or innovate (create) a new one. Draw and design your product
• Elaborate the components of a system unit of your product
(name & functions)