Transcript HISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING - Personal web pages for people

History of computing
Until future
Computers: Information Technology in Perspective
By Long and Long
Copyright 2002 Prentice Hall, Inc. & 2011 J. Holvikivi
Evolution of Computing
1.2
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First
Computers
PCs
introduced!
1960s
1950
Very
expensive
computers
for large
companies.
Computer
professionals
ran the show.
2001
mid1970s
Powerful PCs
on every
desktop.
Explosion of
applications.
PREHISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING
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 Calculating
devices:
pebbles, cowrie shells, bamboo sticks
'chou'
 calculation tables (Medieval Europe)
 Abacus and its counterparts in China
and Japan
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PREHISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING
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 Computing
machines were designed
based on the technology of gears:
Blaise Pascal, 17th century,
permanent algorithm
 G.W. Leibniz, 17th cent., a choice of
built-in algorithms
 Charles Babbage, 19th century:
programmable "Analytical Engine"
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PREHISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING
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 Jacquard's
loom 1801: weaving
loom was controlled by paper cards
with holes in them.
PREHISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING
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 Hollerith:
punched card machines
for US census 1890,
electromechanical, start of
calculation machines and IBM
addition and counting
 1928 subtraction
 1931
multiplication
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HISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING :1940s
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ENIAC: first modern computer, vacuum tubes
hexadecimal and binary systems
cryptography during World War II
Von Neumann architecture:
 both commands and numerical data were
expressed and processed in the same form
and in the same devices, step by step
 General purpose computer
technologies:
 electro-mechanical relays, punched tape
 magnetic drum (max capacity 500 characters
or 50 numbers)
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-20395212
HISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING :1950s
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magnetic tape storage
ferromagnetic cores in central memory
stand-alone computers
1956
 first computer made of transistors
 magnetic disks
HISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING :1960s
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 1960
SSI: small scale integrated
circuit (100 transistors)
 1966 MSI: medium scale integrated
circuit (1,000 transistors)
 1969 LSI: large scale integration (up
to 10,000 components)
 VLSI and so on up to over 109
transistors in 2009
Increase in performance
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 Speed
 Accuracy
 Consistency
 Reliability
 Communications
 Memory
HISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING: software
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 1950s
 Machine
and Assembler language
programming
 1960s
 Multitasking operating systems, timesharing, batch-processing
 Mainframe computers: terminals, on-line
use
 Statistics, calculations, accounting
 Cobol, Fortran, Algol programming
languages
HISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING : 1970s
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 minicomputers,
distributed systems,
networks
 Basic, APL, Pascal and other
specialized programming languages
 databases
 division of labor:
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operators, systems analysts, data
analysts, data entry clerks,
programmers, output handlers
Supercomputers
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1.13
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Supercomputers
Processor-bound applications
Multiple processors,
Used for
 Scientific simulations, physics and forecasting
 Medicine
 Advanced graphics
CDC 6600, performance of about 1 megaFLOPS, the
world's fastest computer 1964–69
FLoating Point Operations Per Second
Technologies: clusters
Grid computing is a different approach
Supercomputers
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Year
2009
2010
2011
Supercomputer
Cray Jaguar
Tianhe-1A
Fujitsu K
computer
Peak speed
(Rmax)
Location
DoE-Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Tennessee,
1.759 PFLOPS
USA
2.566 PFLOPS
8.162 PFLOPS
National Supercomputing
Center, Tianjin, China
RIKEN, Kobe, Japan
Source: wikipedia and others
Supercomputers
Tianhe consists of 138 cabinets, 14336 Intel 6-core
Xeon X6570 processors and 7168 Nvidia graphics processors
HISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING : 1980s
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1.15
 Personal
systems
 microcomputers
IBM PC 1981
 mainframes
and minicomputers,
workstations
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4780963.stm
HISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING : 1980s
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 Office
automation: text processing and
spreadsheets
 Graphical user interfaces
 Robotics
 C programming, client /server databases,
SQL and relational model
 Graphics, CAD (computer aided design),
CAE (computer aided engineering), color
printing
 Integration of use, end-users, from
programming to applications
HISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING : 1990s
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 LANs
(local area networks), electronic
mail
 WANs (wide area networks), global
integration of systems
 high-power workstations, GUIs (Graphical
user interface) standard
 object-oriented model, C++ and Java
 integration of applications
 multimedia
Trends in 2013
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– Devices
 Content in the cloud
 Available for all devices
 Consumerization
 From Wintel era to Apps economy
 Cloud
Information deluge
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1.19
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US National Security Agency intercepts and
stores 1.7 billion e-mails, messages and phone
calls a day
decoding the human genome involves analysing
3 billion base pairs, which took ten years the first
time it was done, in 2003, but can now be
achieved in one week
WalMart, a retail giant, handles more than 1m
customer transactions every hour, feeding
databases estimated at more than 2.5 petabytes
Facebook is home to 40 billion photos.
"It is not surprising that people feel overwhelmed. There is
an immense risk of cognitive overload"
Data volumes
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4,6 billion mobile phone subscriptions worldwide (the
world has 6,8 billion people)
1 billion to 2 billion people use the internet.
By 2013 the amount of traffic flowing over the internet
annually will reach 667 exabytes, according to Cisco, a
maker of communications gear.
According to a 2008 study by International Data Corp
(IDC), a market research firm, around 1 200 exabytes of
digital data will be generated this year.
Google handles around half the world’s internet
searches, answering around 35 000 queries every
second; data mining:
 Google translation
 spread of flu epidemics.
Source: The Economist 2010
Units of data
Unit
Bit
b
Byte
B
Kilobyte KB
Megabyte MB
Size
1 or 0
8 bits
1000 or 210 bytes
1000 KB; 220 bytes
Gigabyte GB
Terabyte TB
230 bytes
240 bytes
Petabyte PB
250 bytes
Exabyte (EB) 260 bytes
Zettabyte (ZB) 270 bytes
Yottabyte (YB) 280 bytes
What it means
short for “binary digit”
the basic unit of computing
from “thousand” in Greek
from “large” in Greek
a typical pop song is about 4MB
from “giant” in Greek.
from “monster” in Greek.
all the catalogued books in
America’s Library of Congress total 15TB
Google processes around 1PB
every hour
the total amount of information in
existence this year is forecast to be
around 1.2ZB
FUTURE OF DATA PROCESSING ?
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Embedded systems
Robotics: industry & entertainment
Cloud
GPRS and mobile use
Telemedicine, cyborgs
Intelligent buildings
RFID (radio frequency identification chips)
Global sharing
GPS and navigation
Music, entertainment
Life on net
Intuitive user interfaces, touch
control, voice
Algorithms see http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-14306146