Transcript Pin SIMM 72 - KFUPM Faculty List

Hardware Revision
Prerequisite to CA210
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The Binary Language of
Computers
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Bit
Byte
Nibble
Word
Kilobyte (KB)
Megabyte (MB)
Gigabyte (GB)
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The Binary System
• 0 = Off
• 1 = On
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Parallel and Serial Devices
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Electronic Bus
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Bus System
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The Three Stages of Computing
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Input
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Processing
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Output
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Input / Output
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Support Hardware
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Chapter Summary
• The three stages of computing are input,
processing, and output.
• Various components perform each stage
of computing.
• Some components perform both input and
output.
• Hardware support components help to
ensure safe computer operation and
efficient performance.
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The External Data Bus
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The CPU
• Performs operations and decodes and
executes instructions
• Controls computer operation
• Includes transistors, integrated circuits,
and microprocessors
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Microprocessor Design
• Three subsystems
– Control unit (CU)
– Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
– Input/output (I/O) unit
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Registers
Codes
Clock
Clock speed
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Memory
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How Microprocessors Work
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PC Microprocessor
Developments and Features
• Use the following elements to gauge CPU
performance:
– Speed
– Transistors
– Registers
– External data bus
– Address bus
– Internal cache
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The Birth of the PC
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8086 and 8088
80286
80386
80486
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The First Pentiums
• The Pentium (Series I)
– Runs at 60 MHz to 200 MHz
– Offers superscalar technology and on-board
cache
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The First Pentiums (Cont.)
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Pentium Pro
Pentium MMX
Pentium II
Celeron
Xeon
Pentium III
Pentium IV
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Possible Upgrade Scenarios
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8086/8088
80286–80486
80386SX
Pentium I
Pentium II
Pentium III
Pentium IV
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Inserting a CPU
• Low-insertion-force (LIF)
• Zero-insertion-force (ZIF)
• Single-edge connector (SEC/slot 1)
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Chapter Summary
• Understanding processor development and
progress is essential.
• The three key elements for measuring a CPU’s
performance are its speed, address bus, and
external data bus.
• Several key CPU developments have occurred
since the 80286 processor.
• Today’s standard processor is the Pentium III
chip.
• Replacing a CPU is usually simple.
• You must watch for electrostatic discharge
(ESD) and pin damage when handling a CPU.
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Power Supply Connectors
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Chapter Overview
• Computer Cases
• Motherboards
• ROM BIOS
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The Computer Case
• The case helps contain electromagnetic
interference (EMI).
• Larger cases usually have more expansion
capability and are easier to work with.
• Smaller cases usually have less expansion
potential and support fewer internal devices.
• Cases with more features cost more.
• You should never run a computer with an open
case.
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Working with Cases
Desktop
Tower
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The Motherboard
• Before replacing a motherboard, doublecheck all other components to verify that
the motherboard is the problem.
• Replace rather than repair a damaged
motherboard.
• Consider purchase and interoperability
issues.
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Chip Sets
• The chip set helps the CPU manage and
control the computer.
• The CPU must be compatible with the chip
set.
• Specialized chips control cache memory
and high-speed buses.
• Different chip sets have different on-board
components.
• On-board components might have fewer
features than do expansion card versions.31
ROM BIOS Chips
• Read-only memory (ROM) chips store
basic input/output system (BIOS) data—
even when the computer power is off.
• The system BIOS prepares the hardware
to run.
• Classes of BIOS chips include:
– Core chips
– Updateable complementary metal-oxide
semiconductor (CMOS) chips
– Other chips with their own BIOS data
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Information Stored in the CMOS
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Floppy disk and hard disk drive types
CPU type and speed
Random access memory (RAM) size
Date and time
Serial and parallel port information
Plug and Play information
Power-saving settings
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Updating CMOS
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Determining the BIOS
Manufacturer
• Watch the monitor when the computer
boots.
• Check the computer or motherboard
manual.
• Remove the computer cover and look at
the chip.
• Use a third-party utility program.
• Cause an error that will launch the setup
program.
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The Most Common Ways to
Access BIOS Setup Programs
• AMI: Press Delete when the machine
begins to boot.
• Phoenix: Press Ctrl+Alt+Esc, Delete, or F2
when requested.
• Award: Follow the procedure for AMI or
Phoenix.
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Main BIOS Screen
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Setup Screen for Hard Disk
Drive
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Advanced Tab
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Security Tab
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Power Tab
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Maintaining CMOS
• CMOS data can be lost for several
reasons.
• You should write down CMOS setup
information or back it up.
• Plug and Play devices include their own
BIOS information.
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The CMOS Battery
• Look for battery requirements on the
motherboard or in the documentation.
• Expect 2–7 years of battery life, depending
on the type of battery.
• Watch for battery failure indicators.
• Replace the battery if a computer loses
stored CMOS information more than once
in a week.
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All Other Chips
• Add-on boards may have ROM chips with
their own BIOS data.
• Device drivers could be required to
provide BIOS support for hardware.
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Power-On Self Test
• The power-on self test (POST) checks
every primary device at startup.
• Beep codes indicate problems before and
during the video test.
• Errors displayed on the screen typically
indicate problems after the video test.
• Errors can be fatal or nonfatal.
• POST cards display codes that you can
decode from the manufacturer’s manual.
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Chapter Summary
• You should select a computer case for ease of use and
expandability.
• EMI can harm surrounding equipment.
• Motherboards use different chip sets with differing
capabilities.
• ROM BIOS chips can be static or updateable.
• A CMOS program accesses BIOS information stored in
CMOS chips.
• If you change hardware, you must update the CMOS to
reflect changes.
• A CMOS battery ensures that CMOS information is
saved.
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RAM Packaging
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Cache Memory
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Chapter Summary
• The two basic computer memory types are
ROM (nonvolatile) and RAM (volatile).
• RAM is packaged in a variety of designs.
• Installing SIMMs requires ESD protection and
careful handling.
• Cache memory enhances performance.
• Hexadecimal code simplifies binary code
notation.
• Memory allocation has been simplified under
Microsoft Windows.
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Extended ISA
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VESA Local Bus (VLB)
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Peripheral Component
Interconnect (PCI)
• Overcomes limitations of ISA, EISA, MCA,
and VLB
• Has become an unofficial industry
standard
• Has significant differences from VLB
• Are also differences in PCI versions
• Is an evolving technology
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Accelerated Graphics Port
(AGP)
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Universal Serial Bus (USB)
• Connects peripherals outside the
computer
• Supports speeds of 1.5 Mbps for
asynchronous transfer and 12 Mbps for
isochronous transfer
• Offers the following advantages:
– Hot swap
– Recognition of new device by operating
system (OS)
– Ease of adding new devices
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The Most Common I/O
Addresses
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Setting and Managing I/O
Addresses
• Non–Plug and Play I/O addresses are set
with jumpers, dual inline package (DIP)
switches, and software drivers.
• Plug and Play devices are self-configuring
and can conflict with older non–Plug and
Play cards.
• Devices with overlapping I/O addresses
will not respond to commands.
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Interrupt Request (IRQ)
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Setting IRQs
• Set IRQs during installation.
• Use hardware, software, or a combination
of both to set IRQs.
• Document all IRQ settings.
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Direct Memory Access
• The direct memory access (DMA) chip
(8237) offloads work from the CPU.
• Each 8237 chip supports four devices.
• Two DMA chips are cascaded to provide
eight DMA channels.
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Setting and Managing DMA
Channels
ECP = Extended Capabilities Port
SCSI = Small Computer System Interface
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COM and Ports
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COM Ports
• COM1 and COM3 share IRQ4.
• COM2 and COM4 share IRQ3.
• COM3 uses I/O port 3E8–3EF and COM1
uses 3F8–3FF.
• COM4 uses I/O port 2E8–2EF and COM2
uses 2F8–2FF.
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LPT Ports
• You should use IRQ7 for LPT1 and IRQ5
for LPT2.
• IRQ5 is typically used by sound cards.
• Devices other than printers can use LPT
ports.
• The USB is taking over many of the
parallel designs.
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Installing Expansion Cards
• Read the documentation.
• Document addresses and DMA and IRQ
settings.
• Keep settings unique, and document
them.
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Parallel Printer Cables
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Serial Port Cables
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Keyboard Cables
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Identifying Cables and
Connectors
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Communication
Printer
Monitor
Game port
Keyboard
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Troubleshooting Cables
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Always check the cable first.
Always check for loose connections.
Check for bent or broken pins.
Do not use force.
Check for worn or frayed cables.
Ensure that you are using the correct
cable.
• Avoid “homemade” cables.
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Summary of Connectors
• DB-9, DB-25: used for serial and parallel port
communications, respectively
• RJ-11, RJ-12: standard telephone connectors
• RJ-45: network connector
• PS/2 (mini-DIN): supports mouse, scanners, and
some keyboards
• Centronics: supports printers
• USB: supports a variety of peripheral devices
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Chapter Summary
• Expansion buses are standardized connections for
installing devices.
• Expansion buses have several architecture types.
• All devices require unique I/O addresses, IRQs, and
DMA channels.
• IRQ conflicts cause most problems during installation of
a new device.
• COM ports are used for serial devices, and LPT ports
are used for parallel devices.
• It is important to identify cables and connectors.
• Loose or poorly connected cables often cause computer
problems.
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The Basics of Floppy Disk
Drives
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Keeping a Floppy Disk Drive
Running
• Watch for exposure to environmental
conditions and foreign objects.
• Schedule monthly cleanings.
• Check the floppy disk first for data errors
or write protection.
• Check complementary metal-oxide
semiconductor (CMOS) settings.
• Check or change the floppy disk drive
cable.
• Change the floppy disk drive controller.
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Physical Characteristics
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Storing Data
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Actuator Arms
• Hold read/write (R/W) heads in place
• Must deliver speed and accuracy
• Use one of the following technologies:
– The stepper motor (older) had many
disadvantages.
– The voice coil motor (newer) uses the head
for mapping.
• Might be damaged by head-to-disk
interference (HDI), or head crash
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Geometry
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Hard Disk Drive Types
• ST-506
• Enhanced Small Device Interface (ESDI)
• Integrated Device Electronics/Enhanced
Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE/EIDE)
• Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)
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Installation and Setup: the Five
Steps
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Physical installation and cabling
CMOS setup
Low-level formatting
Partitioning
High-level formatting
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Physical Installation and
Cabling
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Setting the System CMOS for
the Hard Disk Drive–CMOS
Main Screen
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Setting the System CMOS for
the Hard Disk Drive–Hard
Drive Setup Screen
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Low-Level Formatting
• Creates and organizes sectors
• Sets the proper interleave
• Establishes the boot sector
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Partitioning
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High-Level Formatting
• FORMAT.COM does the following:
– Creates and configures the file allocation
tables (FATs)
– Creates the root directory
• The FAT tracks which part of a file is
stored on which sector.
• FAT32 uses disk space more efficiently.
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High-Level Formatting (Cont.)
• Consider several factors before using
FAT32.
– You should not use FAT32 on dual boot
systems shared by operating systems (OSs)
that do not support FAT32.
– FAT32 partitions that are shared can be read
across the network.
– FAT32 does not support compression.
– You should not use disk utilities that are not
made for FAT32.
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Fragmentation and
Compression
• A hard disk can become fragmented over
time.
• MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows 95, Microsoft
Windows 98, and Microsoft Windows Me
have defragmentation programs.
• Disk compression eliminates wasted
cluster space.
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Maintaining a Hard Disk Drive
• Perform comprehensive, regularly
scheduled backups.
• Save a copy of the boot sector and
partition table information.
• Have tools on hand for hard disk repairs.
• Use only disk tools certified for the hard
disk drive and the OS.
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Common Errors and
Troubleshooting Utilities
• Errors
– Abort, Retry, Fail
– Connectivity problems
– Lost boot and partition information
– CMOS errors
• Utilities
– Scandisk
– SCSI BIOS disk utility
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Chapter Summary
• Floppy disk drive technology has changed little over
the years.
• Floppy disk drives fail more often than any other
computer component.
• Installing a hard disk drive requires you to partition
the drive, set the CMOS settings, and format the
drive.
• The fdisk utility is used to create partitions.
• The geometry (CHS values) of a hard disk drive
determines its storage capacity.
• Partition types include primary, extended, logical, and
active.
• The active partition is used to initialize the OS.
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Basic Monitor Operation
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Internal CRT Operation
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Screen Resolution and Pitch
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Tuning the Monitor’s Display
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Monitor Maintenance
• Do not work inside a monitor; it is
dangerous.
• Properly ventilate the enclosure.
• Clean the face of the CRT gently.
• Do not push the monitor beyond its
operating guidelines.
• Use energy-saving features.
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Monitor Troubleshooting
• Check the cables, including the power and
display cables.
• Check the front panel controls.
• Check the display drivers and reinstall
them, if needed.
• Try another display adapter.
• Refer the problem to a specialist.
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Comparing CRT and Flat-Panel
Displays
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How Flat-Panel Displays Work
• FPDs use transparent organic polymers
sandwiched between polarizing filters with
some form of backlighting.
• An electrical charge determines if light
passes or not.
• Light-emitting diode (LED) displays have
adjoining cells, each with a different color.
• Active-matrix displays have largely
replaced passive-matrix displays (PMDs).
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Installing and Maintaining FPDs
• In general, FPDs are installed and
maintained the same as CRTs.
• You must use a compatible display card.
• The operating system must have drivers.
• Multisystem switches might be
incompatible.
• You should wipe the screen with a dry, soft
cloth to remove dust.
• You should use an uninterruptible power
supply (UPS) and/or surge protector.
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Early PC Card Display Adapters
• Monochrome Display Adapter (MDA)
• Color/Graphics Adapter (CGA)
• Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA)
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Video Memory and Processor
Demands
• The amount of memory determines the
amount of color and resolution.
• Color depth multiplied by resolution
determines the amount of memory
needed.
• More colors at a higher resolution require
more memory and processor power.
• Display coprocessors handle tasks that
would normally slow down the PC.
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Advanced Display Adapters
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Video Memory
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Fast page-mode RAM (FPM RAM)
Video RAM (VRAM)
Extended data out DRAM (EDO DRAM)
Window RAM (WRAM)
Synchronous graphics RAM (SGRAM)
Multibank DRAM (MDRAM)
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Memory/Video Resolution
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Display Drivers
• Text-based adapters under MS-DOS do
not require software drivers.
• Microsoft Windows, OS/2, and other
graphics-rich environments require drivers.
• Display drivers adjust the refresh rate,
resolution, and other features.
• When installing a new card or operating
system, you should check the
manufacturer’s Web site for the latest
display drivers.
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Choosing a Display System
• Consider the maximum viewable area that
you need.
• For faster graphics applications, use a fast
graphics adapter with VRAM or WRAM.
• For multimedia systems, consider TV out,
TV tuner, and hardware DVD acceleration.
• If desk space is limited, consider an FPD.
• Consider the tradeoffs in cost and
performance.
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Troubleshooting Display
Systems
• Verify that power and adapter cables are properly
attached and that the adapter is fully seated in the
expansion slot.
• Boot the system. If you get an image but the computer
does not load the operating system, suspect memory or
drivers.
• Reset the card to 640  480 in 16-color VGA mode at
60-Hz refresh.
• Make sure you are not exceeding the approved monitor
refresh rate.
• Try a different display adapter or monitor, or test on a
different PC.
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Chapter Summary
• Resolution is a function of horizontal pixels,
vertical lines, and the refresh rate.
• Traditional monitors with CRTs have higher
resolutions but take more desk space.
• FPDs require special graphics adapters.
• Monitors enclose very high voltages, which can
be lethal.
• The video card is the interface between the
expansion bus and the monitor.
• 24-bit cards with VRAM or WRAM are required
for true color.
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Chapter Overview
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Printer basics
Printer ports
Dot-matrix printers
Ink-jet printers
Laser printers
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Printer Basics
• Printer resolution
• Speed
• Graphics and
printer-language
support
• Paper capacity
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Duty cycle
Printer memory
Cost of paper
Cost of
consumables
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Common Printer Terms
• American Standard Code for Information
Interchange (ASCII)
• Font
• Line print terminal (LPT) port
• Laser Jet Printer Control Language (PCL)
• PostScript
• Resolution enhancement
• Printing orientation
• Duplexing
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Printer Ports
• Ports can be serial, Small Computer System
Interface (SCSI), or parallel, although parallel is
the most common.
• The parallel port consists of a 25-pin male plug.
• Parallel ports have some disadvantages.
– The data transfer rate is only 150 KB per second.
– The parallel port uses system resources while
printing.
– Parallel cables have a maximum effective length of 10
feet.
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Dot-Matrix Printers
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Maintaining a Dot-Matrix Printer
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Change the ribbon.
Keep the printer clean.
Keep the print head clean.
Replace the print head if it fails.
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Troubleshooting Dot-Matrix
Printers
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Ink-Jet Printers
• Spray ink onto paper to form images
• Provide good-quality, reasonably fast
printing
• Produce color as well as black-and-white
images
• Have replaced dot-matrix and thermal wax
printers in the low-end market
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Maintaining an Ink-Jet Printer
• Keep the printer clean.
• Replace ink cartridges as needed.
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Troubleshooting Ink-Jet Printers
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Laser Printers
• Are nonimpact devices that precisely place
toner on paper
• Range from low-volume, personal use to
high-volume, multiuser use
• Are similar to office copiers
• Are more expensive to purchase, but
cheaper to operate
• Use toner, which is more permanent than
ink
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Laser Printer Components
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Paper transport
Logic circuits
User interface
Toner and toner
cartridges
• Photosensitive
drum
• Laser beam
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Primary corona
Transfer corona
Fuser rollers
Erase lamp
Power supply
Drivers and
software
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Computer-to-Printer
Communication
1. The operating system sends a request to
the printer.
2. The printer informs the operating system
that it is online and ready to accept data.
3. The PC starts sending data.
4. The printer informs the computer of any
problems it encountered.
5. After the job is complete, the printer
acknowledges the receipt of all data.
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The Laser Printing Process
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Laser Printer Resolution
• High resolution means better quality printing.
• Resolution is measured in dots per inch (dpi).
• Horizontal and vertical resolution are generally
equal and are expressed as one measurement.
– Resolution 600 = 600 dpi  600 dpi
– Resolution 1200 = 1200 dpi  1200 dpi
• Draft mode saves toner by printing at lower
resolution.
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Troubleshooting Laser Printers
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Ghost images
Black page
Black spots or streaks
Marks on every page
Printing too light
Memory overflow
error
• Incomplete characters
• Melted plastic
• Creased pages
• Warped, overprinted,
or poorly formed
characters
• Persistent paper jam
indication
• Continued paper jam
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Hardware Problems
• Print diagnostic and configuration
information.
• Check for
– Status lights
– Menu warnings
– Error messages
• Use the manual to translate problems
indicated by the printer display.
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Chapter Summary
• Dot-matrix printers are still used for printing multiple
copies at once.
• Ink-jet printers provide good quality at an inexpensive
price.
• Laser printers are more expensive initially but cheaper
per page.
• Most printer problems can be resolved quickly by
checking for incorrect connections, correcting improper
use, or fixing paper jams.
• Key components of a laser printer are the photosensitive
drum, erase lamp, primary corona, laser beam, transfer
corona, and fuser rollers.
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Types of Portables
• Today’s laptops compare favorably with
desktop systems in many ways.
• Laptop computers feature a folding liquid
crystal display (LCD), a built-in keyboard,
and a pointing device.
• Notebook computers can use docking
ports to overcome limitations.
• Subnotebook (palmtop) computers are
limited in function.
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Computer Cards
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Portable Computer Hardware
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Portable Computer Hardware
(Cont.)
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USB Ports
• Universal serial bus (USB) ports make it
easier to add new devices to portables.
• The hot-swap capability supports printers,
scanners, and other products.
• PMCIA USB cards also support older
portables.
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Batteries
• Nickel cadmium (NiCad) batteries are the
oldest technology.
• Nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries are
used in low-end systems.
• Lithium ion batteries last longer and are
used in high-end systems.
• Lithium polymer, the newest technology,
increases battery life and decreases
weight.
• Proper battery disposal is important.
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Power Management
• Suspend mode
• Hibernate mode
• Advanced Power Management (APM)
standard
• Advanced Configuration and Power
Interface (ACPI) standard
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Chapter Summary
• Portable computers include laptops, notebooks,
and subnotebooks (palmtops).
• Different types of PC Cards provide support for a
variety of functions.
• Display screens for portables are either dualscan or active-matrix.
• USB ports make it possible to hot swap different
USB devices.
• Power management has two modes: suspend
and hibernate.
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Modem Basics
• A modem allows computers to communicate
over telephone lines by modulating and
demodulating signals.
• Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) uses
a terminal adapter (TA) for high-speed digital
connections.
• You should understand the following terms:
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Baud rate
Bits per second (bps)
IP address
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Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP)
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Communication
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Digital Communication
• Asynchronous communication does not
use a common data clock.
• Synchronous communication uses the
system clock at timed intervals.
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How Communication Protocols
Work
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Hardware
• Internal modems
• Universal serial bus (USB) modems
• External analog modems
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ISDN Terminal Adapters
• ISDN is an all-digital phone connection
that carries voice and high-speed data
transmissions.
• ISDN uses a TA instead of a modem.
• TAs are difficult to install.
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The RS-232 Port
• The Electronic Industries Association (EIA)
developed the RS-232 standard for lowspeed data communication.
• The RS-232 cable uses either a 25-pin or
9-pin connector.
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Telephone-Line Basics for
Modems
• Half-duplex uses RJ-11 and has two wires,
so it can send or receive only one signal at
a time.
• Full-duplex uses RJ-12 and has four wires,
so it can simultaneously send and receive.
• Multifunction modems can send faxes and
handle voice mail.
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Modem Installation
• Installing an internal modem expansion
card requires you to check settings, install
the board and drivers, and set up the
command set.
• Installing an external modem requires you
to connect to a COM port, plug in the
cabling, and configure the software.
143
Modem Speeds
• Modem speed is measured in baud rate
and bps.
• Baud rate is the number of voltage or
frequency changes per second.
• Bps is the actual number of bits that are
transmitted per baud cycle.
• CCITT (Comité Consultatif International
Télégraphique et Téléphonique) sets
modem speed standards.
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Fax Speeds
• Groups 1 and 2 pertain to slower analog
devices.
• Group 3 is for digital equipment.
• Group 4 allows the highest resolution of
output.
145
Information Transfer Protocols
• American Standard Code for Information
Interchange (ASCII) is an old protocol that uses
the standard ASCII character set.
• Kermit was an early synchronous protocol that is
rarely used today.
• Xmodem transfers data in 128-byte blocks and
uses parity error checking.
• Ymodem transfers data in 1024-byte blocks.
• Zmodem adds new features: crash recovery,
automatic downloading, and streaming file
transfer.
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Handshaking
• Handshaking negotiates the
communication rules between modems.
• Modems on both ends must agree on the
rules.
• Modems can handle flow control through
hardware or software.
• Hardware flow control is faster and more
dependable.
147
Modem Standards
• Modem standards include error detection
and data compression standards.
• Manufacturers and standards committees
develop communication standards.
• Bell Telephone developed early modem
standards 103 and 212A.
• CCITT modem standards are commonly
known as Vdot standards.
• The V.90 standard has replaced K56flex
and x2 as the 56-Kbps modem standard. 148
Modem Commands
• The Hayes AT command set is an
unofficial standard.
• Commands can be used for
troubleshooting.
• The computer must be in terminal mode to
use these commands.
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Troubleshooting
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Troubleshooting (Cont.)
151
The Internet
• The Internet is a worldwide network that
uses TCP/IP.
• The World Wide Web (WWW) is a subset
of the Internet.
• Web sites are hosted by computers that
house the content.
• A browser is client software designed to
access the WWW.
152
Electronic Mail
• E-mail requires the following:
– E-mail server
– User account on that server
– Client program to send and receive e-mail
– Account information
• You can configure a client program to
automatically download e-mail.
153
Internet Protocols and Services
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is used to transfer files.
• TCP/IP is the standard suite of protocols used on the
Internet.
• Each host on an IP network requires a unique 32-bit
binary address.
• Internet Service Providers (ISPs) provide the connection
between dial-up users and the Internet.
• Domain Name System (DNS) identifies domain names
on the Internet.
• A DNS server matches DNS names to IP addresses.
154
Getting Connected
• Different types of connections require
different hardware and support.
• A firewall between a computer and the
Internet provides security.
• ISPs provide services and connections.
• A browser allows you to access and view
Web pages.
155
Using the PING Command
156
Chapter Summary
• Modems convert parallel digital data to and from serial
analog data.
• Modems can be installed internally or externally.
• Modem speeds are measured in bps.
• AT commands are used to manually communicate with
and test a modem.
• The Internet provides information and services that are
made available through browsers.
• The Internet uses DNS and TCP/IP to route traffic.
• The PING command can be used to troubleshoot IP
networks.
157
BIOS
158
Boot Sequence
159
Chips – Conversion of Data
160
Video Adopter
161
Preparing to Upgrade: the
Configuration Sheet
162
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sample computer configuration sheet
(Students to fill the information in next
three slides for their systems)
Computer name ……………………………….
BIOS ……………………………….
Primary Users ……………………………….
Processor ……………………………….
RAM ……………………………….
Monitor ……………………………….
Sound Card ……………………………….
Cache ……………………………….
Video Card ……………………………….
Modem ……………………………….
163
Contd.
Device
IRQ
I/O Base
Address
DMA
channel
Device
drivers
164
Contd
Drive
Cylinders
Heads
Sector/Trac
k
Capacity
Partitions
165
Chapter Overview
• The Right Tools for the Job
• Planning and Performing Regular
Maintenance
• Maintaining the Windows System
Environment
166
Assembling a Complete Toolkit
• Good preparation can save hours of
guessing and frustration.
• A complete toolkit includes the following:
– Hardware toolkit
– Software toolkit
– Spare parts
– Technical library
167
Hardware Toolkit
•
•
•
•
•
Screwdrivers
Torx driver
Nut driver
Tweezers
Needlenose
pliers
• Chip
removers
• Tube or
plastic bag
• Electrostatic
discharge (ESD)
tools
• Multimeter
• Flashlight
• Hemostats
• Power-on self test
(POST) card
• Laptop computer and
168
phone cord
Software Toolkit
•
•
•
•
Bootable floppy disk with essential files
Additional files on disk as needed
Operating system disks
Software utilities
169
Spare Parts
•
•
•
•
•
Power supply
1.44-MB floppy disk drive
Display card
Cables
Goodie bag
170
Technical Library
• Documentation and manuals
• Notes and research from previous jobs
and technical training
• Other resources, such as Microsoft
TechNet
171
Outside Resources
• Attend seminars and get further technical
training.
• Network with colleagues, using e-mail and
newsgroups.
• Search the World Wide Web.
• Locate private Internet forums specific to
your interests.
• Practice to keep your skills sharp.
• Read technical books, magazines, and
e-zines.
172
Technical Support
• Telephone
– Generally for novice and home users
– More effective if you have the problem
computer in front of you when you call
– Usually provided free for a limited time only
• Online
– Web sites
– Online forums
– Troubleshooting wizards
173
Working Safely
174
Power and Safety
• Power is the primary safety hazard in
servicing computers.
• ESD can destroy sensitive equipment.
• A properly grounded computer prevents
transmission of electromagnetic
interference (EMI).
• High voltages often exist in power supplies
and monitors.
175
Guidelines when Working with
Computer Equipment
• Avoid wearing
jewelry.
• Do not use liquids
around electrical
equipment.
• Do not use 3 prongto-2 prong power
plug adapters.
• Replace worn or
damaged power
cords immediately.
• Do not rest anything
on a power cord.
• Avoid using extension
cords.
• Keep electrical
covers intact.
• Keep air vents clear.
• Do not remove
covers from highvoltage items unless
absolutely necessary.
176
Fire
• If a fire is not extinguished within 30
seconds, exit the building and then call for
help.
• Know the emergency procedures at your
workplace.
• Know the nearest fire exits and the
location of fire extinguishers.
• Know how to use the right fire
extinguishers for each type of fire.
• Avoid overloading electrical outlets.
177
Environmental Issues
•
•
•
•
•
Batteries
Toner and cartridge kits
Circuit boards
Chemical solvents
Monitors (cathode-ray tubes, or CRTs)
178
Developing Maintenance Plans
and Procedures
• Develop and document logical plans and
procedures for every class of computer
and operating system in your organization.
• Develop a regular maintenance plan.
• Automate tasks where possible.
• Keep proper records.
179
Cleaning
• A computer-friendly environment is
basically dust-free, smoke-free, wellventilated, and temperature- and humiditycontrolled.
• Clean non–computer-friendly areas more
frequently.
• Try to improve non–computer-friendly
environments.
• Assemble a basic cleaning kit.
180
Monitors
• Periodically clean and dust monitors.
• Use simple cleaning solutions such as one drop of
dishwashing liquid in one quart of water.
• Do not use sprays, solvents, or commercial cleansers.
• Use a screen saver or power-conservation features.
• Do not work inside a monitor cabinet unless specifically
trained.
• Do not change settings or operate the monitor with the
cover removed.
181
Hard Disk Drives
• Avoid rough handling.
• Do not move the hard disk drive while
platters are spinning.
• Do not expose hard disk drive internals to
open air and dust.
• Perform regular data backups and disk
maintenance tasks.
182
Floppy Disk Drives
• Guard against environmental and
mechanical damage.
• Replace rather than fix floppy disk drives.
• Do not expose disks to magnets.
• Do not touch the surface of a floppy disk.
• Avoid smoking near a computer.
• Clean read/write heads with special headcleaning disks and solutions.
183
Keyboards and Pointing
Devices
• Keep keyboards and pointing devices
clean to prolong their life.
• Avoid drinks around keyboards.
• Use a handheld vacuum to clean dust
from keyboard crevices.
• Avoid spray cleaners.
• Remove the ball of a mouse or trackball
and clean the rollers.
• Avoid touching the end of a light pen.
184
Dot-Matrix Printers
• Adjust print-head spacing and tension on the
print-head positioning belt.
• Clean the print head, roller surfaces, platen, and
gear train of the paper-handling motor.
• Lubricate gears with light oil on a foam swab
and turn the platen to distribute oil.
• Lubricate rails with light oil and move the
carriage assembly to distribute oil.
185
Ink-Jet Printers
• Adjust the print-head spacing and tension
on the print-head positioning belt.
• Clean the printer and its mechanisms,
roller surfaces, the platen, the ink-jet print
head, and the gear train of the paperhandling motor.
• Lubricate gears with light oil on a foam
swab and turn the platen to distribute oil.
• Lubricate rails with light oil and move the
carriage assembly to distribute oil.
186
Laser Printers
• Vacuum to remove dust and toner buildup from
the interior.
• Clean rollers with a damp cloth and clean the
gear train with a foam swab.
• Lubricate gears with light oil and distribute oil
through the gear train.
• Clean the writing mechanism thoroughly with
compressed air.
• Wipe the laser lens with lint-free wipes to
remove fingerprints and stains.
• Clean the corona wires with a foam swab dipped
187
in alcohol.
Preventive Maintenance
Schedule
188
Preventive Maintenance
Schedule (Cont.)
189
Types of Viruses
•
•
•
•
•
File infectors
Boot sector viruses
Trojan horses
Macro viruses
Polymorphic viruses
190
Guidelines for Antivirus
Programs
• Get the right version for the operating system.
• Consider enabling the basic input/output system
(BIOS) setting that disables boot-sector writes.
• Use caution with unknown floppy disks and
computers.
• When connected to the Internet, run an antivirus
program at all times.
• When loading programs, trust no one.
• Keep the antivirus program updated.
191
Disk Cleanup
192
Using Scandisk for Drive
Integrity
193
Organizing Files with Disk
Defragmenter
194
File Backups
• Data loss is inevitable because drives fail
and critical files become corrupt.
• Developing a good backup plan is one of
your most valuable services.
• Automating backups wherever possible
ensures that they happen.
• Microsoft Windows ships with a built-in
backup program.
• You can back up to tape, another hard disk
drive, or removable media.
195
Backup Types
196
Backup Plan Issues
• Select hardware based on the amount of
data and frequency of backup.
• Use different backup types to balance
backup and restore times.
• Use normal backup at regular intervals,
with incremental or differential backups
between normal backups.
197
Backup Plan Gotchas
• Store backup copies in a safe,
environmentally sound location.
• Make sure copies are secure.
• Keep long-term backups as protection
against virus attacks.
• Make sure that critical files are not open at
backup time.
• Make sure that new backup components
work with old backup copies.
198
Using Windows Backup Tools
199
Backing Up Registry and Core
System Files
• In Microsoft Windows 2000 and Microsoft
Windows NT, select the System State
option.
– This option requires proper permissions.
– System state data can only be backed up
locally.
• In Microsoft Windows 98 and Microsoft
Windows Me, use the Registry Checker
command-line application.
200
The Windows System File
Checker
• Tracks changes to all system files and
ensures that any replacement files are
valid
• Notifies the system administrator when
improper file replacement is attempted
• Verifies the integrity of system files
• Extracts and replaces corrupt or missing
files
201
Creating ERDs and Startup
Disks
• All Windows 98 installations should have a
startup floppy disk.
– The same startup floppy disk can be used on
multiple computers.
– A startup disk can be created using Add/Remove
Programs in Control Panel.
• All Microsoft Windows 2000 installations
should have an ERD.
– An ERD can be used only on the computer it was
created for.
– An ERD can be created using the Windows 2000
202
backup utility.
Chapter Summary
•
•
•
•
•
•
Assemble a complete toolkit.
Advance your skills.
Practice preventive maintenance.
Develop a backup plan.
Protect against viruses.
Regularly test, repair, and defragment the
hard disk drive and the file system.
203
Chapter Overview
• Computer Disassembly and Reassembly
• Upgrading a Computer
204
Preparing to Work on a
Computer
• Documentation is key to preparation.
• Collect the following before starting a job:
– Computer configuration sheet
– Computer and motherboard documentation
– List of all installed expansion cards
– Operating system (OS) documentation
– A plan of action that includes a checklist of
tasks, tools, and parts
205
Questions to Ask Before
Starting a Job
• Is this the right computer?
• Why am I taking it apart?
• Do I have everything necessary to do the
job?
• Do I need more information before starting
the job?
• Are there any proprietary hardware
components in this machine?
• Do any of these tasks require the
assistance of a third-party technician? 206
Tools and Components
• Assemble a toolkit that contains standard tools
and a DOS boot floppy disk.
• During planning, ensure that you have all items
required.
• Have on hand:
– The original OS disks
– A rescue disk for the version of Microsoft
Windows you are working with
– The correct utilities for the OS version
– Virus-checking utilities, with up-to-date
signature files
207
Disassembling a Computer
• Removing the computer case gives you
access to memory, expansion slots and
cards, and the CPU.
• Each computer brand has some custom
components or layout.
• Use the manual and other documentation
that came with the computer.
• The extent to which you have to
disassemble a computer depends on the
specific problem or repair.
208
Procedure for Disassembling a
Computer
1. Make a complete backup of necessary
OS and working files.
2. Document the system (hardware and
software).
3. Create a clean work area with plenty of
room and light.
4. Gather all the necessary tools for the job.
5. Implement all proper safety procedures.
6. Turn off the computer.
209
Procedure for Disassembling a
Computer (Cont.)
7. Disconnect the power cables.
8. Wear an antistatic wrist-grounding strap.
9. Locate the screws for the cover.
10.Remove the screws.
11.Remove the cover from the computer.
12.Document the location of expansion
cards and drives.
210
Procedure for Disassembling a
Computer (Cont.)
13.Remove all the cards and place them in
antistatic bags.
14.Document the location and connections
for each drive.
15.Remove the interface and power
connection cables.
16.Remove the drives from their bays.
17.Remove the motherboard.
211
Reassembling a Computer
• Follow the disassembly procedure in reverse
order.
• Do not force connectors into place.
• Do not force expansion cards into the slots.
• When removing cables, remember the pin 1
locations.
• Connect the cables to the drives before installing
the drives in the bays.
• Test the system before replacing the cover.
212
Preparing to Upgrade: the
Configuration Sheet
213
Memory
• As programs and hardware get faster, memory is
more important.
• Memory upgrades are simple to perform.
• Purchasing the right type of memory is critical.
• Consider memory chip format, speed, extended data
out random access memory (EDO RAM), parity, and
cache memory.
• Check the motherboard documentation to determine
the memory type, population scheme, and location of
memory slots.
• Two basic formats for memory are single inline
memory modules (SIMMs) and dual inline memory
modules (DIMMs).
214
SIMM Formats
30-Pin SIMM
• Contains memory in 8-bit chunks
• A 32-bit processor requires four SIMMs
72-Pin SIMM


Contains memory in 32-bit chunks
A 32-bit processor requires one SIMM
215
DIMM Formats
• DIMMs are easier to install than SIMMs.
• A “key” or notch cut into one edge
prevents incorrect installation.
• When you buy a DIMM, you must know
the exact memory type.
• DIMMs are found in larger memory sizes
than SIMMs.
216
Memory Considerations
• Memory speed is measured in nanoseconds
(one-billionth of a second).
– The lower the number, the faster the chip speed.
– All chips in the same computer should run at the
same speed.
– Typical speeds are 50, 60, 70, and 80 nanoseconds.
– The motherboard documentation should list the
appropriate speed.
217
EDO RAM
• EDO RAM can improve read times and
overall performance by up to 30 percent.
• The chip outputs data from one address
while setting up a new address.
218
Parity
• Parity is used to check the reliability of
data.
– Parity requires an additional bit.
– Memory can be purchased with or without
parity; the cost is higher with parity.
– System specifications indicate if parity is
required.
– Parity and nonparity chips cannot be mixed.
– Some systems allow parity to be turned on or
off in the basic input/output system (BIOS). 219
Cache Memory
• L1 cache is built into the processor and
cannot be changed.
• L2 cache can be built into the processor or
on the motherboard.
• Check the motherboard documentation to
determine if you can upgrade the L2
cache.
220
Installing a SIMM
221
CPU Upgrades
• CPU upgrades are becoming less common.
• The first task is to determine if the CPU can be
upgraded and which CPU upgrade will work.
• The motherboard documentation specifies
compatible CPUs.
• Check on required BIOS upgrades or jumper
settings.
• A new motherboard is required for upgrading a 386 to
a Pentium or a Pentium to a Pentium III, or for CPUs
from different manufacturers.
222
General Procedure for Installing
a CPU
1. Turn off the computer and unplug the power
cord.
2. Disconnect external devices (AC power and
monitor power).
3. Follow the appropriate electrostatic discharge
(ESD) safety precautions.
4. Remove the cover of the computer.
5. Locate the socket for the CPU on the
motherboard.
6. Remove the old processor.
223
General Procedure for Installing
a CPU (Cont.)
7. Install the new processor by aligning the chip
properly.
8. Set any jumpers or switches on the motherboard.
9. Reconnect any peripherals (keyboard, mouse,
monitor).
10. Replace the cover and power up the computer.
11. Make changes to the BIOS, if required, using the
complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS)
setup program.
224
Additional Considerations for
Installing a New CPU
• Some CPU upgrades require installing a
new voltage regulator and cooling fan.
• In motherboards that support more than
one CPU, all CPUs must be of the same
type and from the same manufacturer.
• Some Pentium II and later motherboards
have a special card that is inserted in any
empty CPU slot.
225
Expansion Cards
• Install an expansion card to add faster
video, add more ports, or improve sound
quality.
• Ensure that the expansion card will work in
the system to be upgraded.
• Ensure that the appropriate drivers are
available for the OS.
226
Considerations for Installing an
Expansion Card
• Ensure that adding a new card is the most
cost-effective way to upgrade.
• If no expansion slots are available, free up
space by
– Replacing single-port cards with one
multifunction card
– Using a Small Computer System Interface
(SCSI) card and a chain of SCSI devices
– Using a universal serial bus (USB) if available
227
Considerations for Installing an
Expansion Card (Cont.)
• Ensure that the card fits in the slot and
matches the bus type of the
motherboard.
• Document available I/O ports and
interrupt requests (IRQs) on the system.
• Ensure that enough RAM is available to
support the device and driver.
• Ensure that a direct memory access
(DMA) channel is available if required.
• Identify potential conflicts with other 228
Installing a Non–Plug and Play
Expansion Card
1. Read the expansion card documentation
and note special requirements.
2. Check the computer configuration to
determine available I/O addresses and
IRQs.
3. Configure jumpers or switches on the
card if required.
4. Turn off the computer and unplug the
power cord.
229
Installing a Non–Plug and Play
Expansion Card (Cont.)
5. Follow the appropriate ESD safety
precautions.
6. Remove the cover from the computer.
7. Install the card in a free slot and power
up the computer.
8. Replace the cover.
9. Power up the computer.
10.Install any software drivers or
applications.
230
Installing a Plug and Play
Expansion Card
• Plug and Play allows for changes to computer
configuration with minimal intervention.
• Plug and Play devices allow the system to
configure the card.
• To allow Plug and Play devices to work
immediately, the computer hardware, OS, and
card must all be Plug and Play compliant.
• Some systems require enabling Plug and Play in
the system BIOS.
231
Considerations for Installing
Hard Disk Drives
• Ensure that the drive fits. If not, use a
SCSI, USB, or parallel port interface drive.
• Ensure that the system BIOS supports the
size of the new drive.
• Ensure that the drive controller supports
the new drive.
• Ensure that you have enough cables to
install the drive.
232
Preparing to Install an
Integrated Device Electronics
(IDE) Drive
• Hardware preparation consists of ensuring
that
– You have the correct drive
– The drive fits into the computer
– You have the proper cables to connect the
drive
• Software preparation consists of having a
floppy boot disk with the format and fdisk
utilities.
233
Installing an IDE Drive
1. Collect all necessary documentation for
the drive and computer.
2. Back up any data you want to keep.
3. Turn off the computer and unplug the
power cord.
4. Follow the appropriate ESD precautions.
5. Open the computer case.
234
Installing an IDE Drive (Cont.)
6. Check the documentation and set the
jumpers for the drive, if required.
7. Connect the cable to the drives.
235
Installing an IDE Drive (Cont.)
8. Connect the power connection cable.
9. Install the drive in its bay.
10.Reconnect the computer power and boot
up the system. Run the CMOS setup
program if necessary.
236
Additional IDE Drive Installation
Considerations
• Set up and test a drive before final
installation in the bay.
• Avoid ESD and protect the drive from
overheating.
• Use disk management software in older
systems that require it.
237
Additional Steps After the
Physical Installation
1. Boot the computer from the bootable
floppy disk, and run fdisk to create and
set the partitions.
2. Format the drive. If it is the only drive,
format it with system files.
3. Replace the cover on the computer.
238
Operating System Driver
Installation
• Device driver setup is no longer a complex
task.
• Microsoft Windows 98, Microsoft Windows
Me, and Microsoft Windows 2000 have
reduced the need for manual intervention.
• Windows recognizes and configures Plug
and Play devices automatically.
• A wizard installs the appropriate drivers
and resolves any device issues.
239
Using the Add/Remove
Hardware Wizard
240
Motherboard Installation
Considerations
• Replacing the motherboard may be the most
inexpensive way to completely overhaul a computer.
• Some motherboards are proprietary and can be replaced
only with one made by the same manufacturer.
• The motherboard must fit into the existing case.
• The motherboard must have the same built-in COM and
LPT ports as the old one.
• You should determine if the new motherboard has a
built-in video card.
241
Motherboard Installation
Considerations (Cont.)
• The new motherboard must accommodate the
existing expansion cards.
• The power supply connector should be as close
to the power supply as possible.
• The existing drives must work with controllers on
the new motherboard.
• The memory on the old motherboard must work
with the new one.
• The upgrade should meet your current and
future requirements.
242
Replacing a Motherboard
• Replacing a motherboard is similar to
building a computer.
• The procedure is as follows:
1. Complete an installation checklist.
2. Follow the steps for disassembling a
computer.
3. Check the settings on the new motherboard.
243
Replacing a Motherboard
(Cont.)
4. Install the new motherboard.
5. Reconnect the case switches.
6. Follow the steps for computer reassembly
(outlined in Slide 9).
7. Test the computer to ensure that it boots.
8. Complete the final testing and close the
case.
244
Chapter Summary
• Preparation is key to a successful upgrade or repair.
Document everything.
• Have a complete toolkit and take safety and ESD
precautions.
• Memory is probably the simplest upgrade performed by
a technician.
• Installing a new CPU and installing an expansion card
are common ways to upgrade older computers.
• Installing a new drive is not difficult when you follow the
procedure carefully.
• Installing a new motherboard completely overhauls the
computer.
245