Transcript Nanotechnology - s3.amazonaws.com

Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology
Presented by
Mr. Lundberg
Test your knowledge of scale...
• What is the thickness of a dollar bill..
in nanometers?
(the answer will be revealed on a later slide)
Nanotechnology
An introduction to a
new world of great
things that come in
small packages ….
a billionth of a meter!
Quantum Dot (5 nm)
(Semiconductor Nanocrystals)
1 nanometer is to an inch what 1 inch is to 400 miles.
Powers of Ten:
Life on the Logarithmic Scale
• 1900: Cardboard Punch Cards
• 1935: Computing Machines
(electromagnetic relays)
• 1940: Radio Vacuum Tubes
• 1947: Transistors
• 1972: Intel Integrated Circuit
(Microprocessors)
Richard Feynman 1960
“When we get to the very, very small world – say
circuits of seven atoms– we have a lot of new
things that would happen that represent
completely new opportunities for design.
Atoms on a small scale behave like nothing on a
large scale, for they satisfy the laws of quantum
mechanics.”
What does this mean?
• When particles go nano they get a bit crazy!
• When particles are studied at the nano scale
everything we understand about particles at
the macroscale gets thrown out the window.
• Nano particles have new or exotic
properties.
Some Nano Info.
• From the Greek word “nano,”
meaning “dwarf.”
(Nanometer is abbreviated as “nm”)
• Richard Feynman (1960)
“There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”
• Term coined in 1974 by Nario Taniguchi
(to describe machining tolerances < 1 um).
The First
Transistor
(1947)
A dollar bill is 100,000 nanometers thick.
Some “Nano-Ground Rules”
1. Structures where at least 1 item (usually 2
to 3) is 1 – 100 nm in size.
2. Substances behave
differently at the nanoscale!
3. Nanotechnology builds on
the ability to control or manipulate
at the atomic scale.
How small are we talking about?
Another Look:
How small are Nanostructures?
Single Hair
Width = 0.1 mm
= 100 micrometers
= 100,000 nanometers !
1 nanometer = one billionth (10-9) meter
and looking smaller still…
Hair
6,000 nanometers
DNA
.
Red blood cell
3 nanometers
All that glitters just might be gold!
Gold???
Gold???
Behaving Differently
“Nanoprisms” – note the different colors vs. sizes
Size-Dependent Properties
• Bulk properties (1 gram – 1 lb.)
• Atomic properties
What happens to properties?
Electrical (resist and conduct)
Thermal (conduct, insulate)
Optical (color, reflectance)
Mechanical (strength, elasticity)
Today’s
transistor
Another example of materials
behaving “differently”
Calcium carbonate in bulk—
you get common chalk …
put calcium carbonate in a
stacked arrangement – you get
the shiny shell of an abalone!
Nanotechnology Implications
•
One of the top ten future
technologies (Businessweek)
• Interdisciplinary topic
involving physics, chemistry,
math, biology and engineering…
• Potential impact in electronics,
medicine, materials, and a wide
variety of application areas.
Too Small to See Nanotech Exhibit
(opened at Disney Epcot Center on
November 18, 2006)
Areas of Nanotechnology
• Biological
• Advanced materials
• Computer Applications
C-60 “Buckyball” – 1nm
(Buckminsterfullerene)
R. Smalley, 1985
A nm is 1/10 the thickness of the tinted coating on sunglasses.
A Biological Example
Gene Chips
(DNA = 3 nm)
“Spots” of DNA
Sequences on a chip
(500,000 locations)
Used to measure
gene expression
A Materials Example
Carbon Nanotubes
• 2 nm –have 100 x tensile
strength of steel
• Conduct electricity better
than copper
• Are excellent conductors
of heat
• Can be either conductors
or semiconductors,
depending on the
arrangement of atoms.
EM Photo of Carbon Nanotubes
An Optical Example:
Micromirrors!
DLP “Micromirrors”
Optical Semiconductors
A Last Example: Ferrofluids!
Fluids with magnetic particles at nanoscale
(NASA, 1960 – to confine liquids in space)
So how do we get down to size?
How do we see
nanostructures?
How do we make
nanostructures?
A human hair is about 100,000 nanometers wide.
How do we see nanostructures?
• AFM:
Atomic Force
Microscope!
• STM:
Scanning Tunneling
Microscope!
1950’s Era Electron Microscope
The AFM and STM:
(can measure differences as small as 1/10 of a nm)
• AFM
• STM
The AFM Microscope
(think back to your record player!)
Vibrating Cantilever
Surface
The AFM
• The AFM uses a
Laser light beam – not
a stream of electrons.
• Images are seen by
how the detector picks
up the movement of
the cantilever.
AFM Animation
AFM Image of a Music CD
You can see digital data on a music CD – (~ 100-200 nm)
the raised areas are “1’s” and the depressions are “0’s”
Nano Activity
Measuring the Spacing Between
Concentric Loops on
CD’s, DVD’s, and Blue Ray DVD’s with
LASERS!
A Nano-Summation:
• Small (very!)
• Different “New” Properties
• Future applications in all areas of life
• How well do we (and our students) understand
this new technology?
Now that we see, how do we
make nanostructures?
• Pattern them (Lithography)
• Use self-assembly
• Pick them up and move ‘em
Lithography
(“Top-down”)
Electron Beam
Polymer film
Silicon crystal
Making a Microscopic Mask
Computer Chips
are Made with Lithography
Now – Nano chips!
IBM Copper Wiring
On a Computer Chip
(each pore is 14 nm)
Self-assembly
(“Bottom-up”)
• How do molecules arrange themselves in
patterns? (snowflakes, soap bubbles..)
• The old “lock and key” mechanisms of
enzymes in biological systems
Pick Them up and Move Them
• Use of AFM –
Atomic force
microscope
• And a
“Nanomanipulator”
Pushing Nickel Atoms Around
Measuring and Moving