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Graphics Cards
and
Monitors
GRAPHICS CARDS
components
•
•
•
•
video processor (and GPU)
video RAM
video ROM BIOS
video DAC (DVI adapters don’t)
resolution and colors
old: MDA, HGC, CGA, EGA, VGA (up to 640 x 480
pixels and 256 colors)
new: SVGA, UVGA, SXGA, etc (up to 2,048 x 1536
pixels and 16 million colors)
GRAPHICS CARDS
Connections to motherboard
Peripheral component interconnect (PCI)
Advanced graphics port (AGP)
PCI Express (PCIe)
Depth and more
From 2D to 3D
DirectX
OpenGL
comparisons
GRAPHICS CARDS
Calculations
• Colors (4 to 32 bits)
– old: 16 = 2^4 ; 256 = 2^8
– new: 32 K = 2^15; 64 K = 2^16;
16 million = 2^24; 4 billion = 2^32
• Resolution (pixels)
–
–
–
–
800 x 600 = 480,000
1024 x 768 = 786,432
1280 x 768 = 984,040
1280 x 1024 = 1,310,720
• Video memory (examples)
– 800 x 600, 256 colors = 480,000 x 8 / 8 /1024 = 469 K
– 1,024 x 768, 64K colors = 786,432 x 16 / 8 /1024 = 1.54 MB
– 1,280 x 1024, 4 billion = 1,310,720 x 32 / 8 /1024 = 5.1 MB
MONITORS
• Components (CRT)
– electronic circuitry
– power transformer
– picture tube
• Specifications
– vertical frequency: redraw frequency
horizontal frequency: lines per second
– display resolution vs. card resolution
– screen size: different for CRT and LCD
– connectors: analog and digital
–
Dot pitch
MONITORS
• Components (LCD)
– polarized glass
– liquid crystals
Each pixel (picture element) consists
of a column of liquid crystal molecules
suspended between two transparent
electrodes, and two polarizing filters.
– thin film transistors (TFT)
• Specifications
– active and passive matrix displays
– native resolution, viewing angle,
brightness or luminance, contrast
ratio, response rate, and
adjustability
CRT vs. LCD
MONITORS
Calculations
• Monitor sizes in cm (horizontal)
– 14 inches => 11 inches = 27.9 cm
– 17 inches => 16 inches = 40.6 cm
– 19 inches => 17 inches = 43.2 cm
• Resolution and dot pitch
– 1,024 x 768 => 1,024 x .25 = 256.7 mm = 25.7 cm
– 800 x 600 => 800 x .25 = 200.0 mm = 20 cm
– 640 x 480 => 640 x .25 = 179.2 mm = 17.9 cm
• Dot pitch and pixel density
– .25 = 10,000 pixels per in2
– .26 = 9,025 pixels per in2
– .28 = 7,656 pixels per in2