Transcript attachment=9204

History of 64-bit
Computing: AMD64 and
Intel Itanium Processors
Brett Casbeer, Adam Kenny,
Chris Kopek, Nick Snead
1
64-bit History
• “640K ought to be enough for
anybody” – Bill Gates
• 64-bit twice as fast as 32-bits?
• Benefits of 64-bit technology
• Applications of 64-bit technology
2
AMD64 Outline
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•
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AMD Athlon 64 Specifications
Operating Modes
Register overview
DDR controller and Hypertransport
3
AMD Athlon 64 Specifications
Infrastructure
Number of Transistors
64-bit Instruction Set
32-bit Instruction Set
System Bus Technology
Integrated DDR Controller
On-Chip Cache
Clock-Speed
Socket 754
105.9 million
YES
YES
Hypertransport
YES
L1: 128KB
L2: 512KB-1024KB
1.8Ghz-2.4Ghz
4
AMD64 Operating Modes
5
AMD64 Register Overview
6
Reduce Bottlenecks
• DDR Memory Controller
– Built into CPU
– Saves Time
• Hypertransport
– Transport Speeds
– Data packets
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Intel Itanium Outline
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•
•
•
•
Itanium Processor Specifications
Itanium Features
Itanium Epic Architecture
IA-64 Instruction Set
IA-64 vs. IA-32
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The Itanium Processor
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The Itanium Processor
• Designed for 1-4000 processor
workstations and servers.
• Level 3 bus designed for
communication between processors
• Level 2 cache reduces traffic
• Page sizes from 4KB-256MB
10
Itanium: EPIC Architecture
• Explicitly Parallel Instruction
Computing
• Allows processor to run instructions
parallel to other instructions
• Instructions “bundled” during the
compiler stage
• No size limit for the groups of
“bundled” instructions
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IA-64 Instruction Set
Source Code:
if (x == 4)
{
z = 9;
}
else z = 0;
• Using the IA-32 bit
architecture the
instruction follow this
scheme:
1. Compare x to 4
2. If not equal goto line 5
3. z = 9
4. goto line 6
5. z = 0
6. // Program continues
from here
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IA 64 vs IA 32 architecture
IA-32 bit
architecture
instruction flow:
1. Compare x to 4
2. If not equal goto line 5
3. z = 9
4. goto line 6
5. z = 0
6. // Program continues
from here
•
IA-64 bit architecture
instruction flow:
1.
Compare x to 4 and
store result in a
predicate bit (we'll
call it P)
2. If P==1; z = 9
3. If P==0; z = 0
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Conclusion
• AMD64
– Operating Modes
• Long Mode, Legacy Mode
– Registers
• GPRs, XMM, RIP
– Reduce Bottlenecks
• DDR Controller, Hypertransport
14
Conclusion
• Intel Specifications and Features
• EPIC Architecture
– Parallel Computing, Bundled Instructions
• IA-64 Instruction Set
• IA-64 vs. IA-32
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