Chapter 3 - Faculty Personal Web Page
Download
Report
Transcript Chapter 3 - Faculty Personal Web Page
Chapter 3
Computer Hardware
II. A Brief History of Computer
Hardware
Without computers many technological
achievements would not have been
possible:
Counting with fingers/toes
Blaise Pascal, 1642 – invented the first
mechanical adding machine
2
A Brief History of Computer Hardware
Herman Hollerith –
Hollerith’s Punch Card
system to record
census data in late
1880’s; 1911 – merged
with competitor to
form IBM
ENIAC (Electronic
Numerical Integrator
and Calculator), 1946
– the world’s first
electronic digital
computer
3
II. A Brief History of Computer
Hardware
1950’s – Transistors were invented
and replaced tubes
1958 – Integrated Circuit (“chip”) was
invented
1970’s – 1980’s
Further miniaturization of circuits
Apple Computer and IBM PC
4
III. Types of Computer Systems
Computers come in a variety of sizes,
shapes, and computing capabilities –
Mainframes
Midrange (obsolete due to powerful
microcomputers)
Microcomputers
5
IV. Microcomputer Systems
(Personal Computer)
The most important category for
businesses and consumers, exceeds the
power of many mainframes
Workstations – support mathematical and
graphical demands
Network Servers – support
telecommunications and resource sharing
Computer Terminals – any device that
allows access to a computer
6
IV. Microcomputer Systems (Personal
Computer)
Network Computers – designed specifically
for use with networks and the Internet; low
TCO (total cost of ownership)
Information Appliances – Web-enabled
devices for accessing information from
anywhere – cell phones, PDAs, handheld
PCs
7
Corporate PC Criteria
Why laptops instead of desktops?
Why would a change in OS be
disruptive?
What are the strengths vs. risks of
cabled vs. wireless PCs?
8
V. Midrange, Mainframe, and
Supercomputer Systems
Midrange Systems – popular as Network
Servers; disappearing due to
microcomputers
Mainframe Systems – large, fast, and
powerful, used for high transaction
processing and complex computations; used
by corporations and government agencies
Supercomputers – extremely powerful,
extremely high speeds and massive numeric
computations
9
V. Midrange, Mainframe, and
Supercomputer Systems
The Next Wave of Computing –
minisupercomputers; connecting all the
power of unused desktops in an
organization
Distributed (Grid) Computing – parallel
computing over a network
Advantages – purchase nodes as a commodity,
economies of scale
Disadvantages – untrustworthy calculations, lack of
centralized control
10
The Computer System
11
VII. Moore’s Law
Moore’s Law 1965 – the
number of transistors on
a chip will double every
18-24 months –
essentially, the power or
speed of a computer will
double every 18-24
months
The Price would halve in
that same time, which
has also proven to be
true
Recent statistics indicate
this time has decreased
to 12 months
12
Section 2
Computer Peripherals: Input, Output, and
Storage Technologies
Peripheral - a generic name for all input,
output, and secondary storage devices not
part of the CPU (basically, what is
connected to the outside of the computer)
13
II. Input technologies
Input Devices – keyboards, mice, light
pens, trackballs, touch screens
Speech Recognition Systems –
understands spoken commands/words
Discrete Speech Recognition – speak each word
separately
Continuous Speech Recognition – recognizes
conversationally-paced speech
Speaker-Independent Voice Recognition –
understands speech from a voice it has never
heard before
14
II. Input technologies
Optical Scanning – converts text or
graphics to digital input for direct entry
of source documents
Other Input Technologies
Magnetic Stripe – on credit cards
Smart Cards – contain an embedded chip
Digital Cameras
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
– used in banking industry
15
Forget the ATM: Deposit Checks Without
Leaving Home
What does federal Check 21 Act allow?
What is the concern of consumers
remotely depositing checks?
What basic security is provided?
What limits/restrictions are placed on
the consumers?
16
IV. Storage Tradeoffs
17
IV. Storage Tradeoffs
Direct and Sequential Access
Direct Access and Random Access are the same
concept; locate an address on the storage
device and go directly to that location for data
access
Sequential Access – All tape devices are
accessed serially – device must be read one
record at a time from the data until the desired
data is found
18
VI. Magnetic Disks – Hard drives are the
most common form of secondary storage
RAID (Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks)
Storage – interconnected groups of hard drives
- fast speeds and fault tolerant (redundant
backups)
19
V. Semiconductor Memory
RAM (Random Access Memory) – volatile, may
be read and over-written
ROM (Read Only Memory) – non-volatile, may
be read but not over-written or erased; PROM
and EPROM may be reprogrammed
Flash (Jump) Drives – solid-state memory
20
IV. Storage Tradeoffs
Computer Storage Fundamentals
Binary Representation – Two-state, on/off, +/-,
0/1
Bit – Binary digit, 0/1
Byte – Grouping of bits (typically 8 bits/byte),
represents a single character
ASCII – formalized code determining what byte
values represent which character
Storage capacities – kilobytes (KB), megabytes
(MB), gigabytes (GB), terabytes (TB)
21
Representing characters in bytes
22
VII & VIII. Magnetic Tape & Optical Disks
Magnetic Tape – slow speeds, but
inexpensive for large amounts of
backups
Optical Disks – CD-ROM, CD-R, DVD-R
(cannot be erased or re-written); CD-RW,
DVD-RW (may be erased or re-written)
23
VII. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
RFID – for tagging and identifying mobile objects
(store merchandise, postal objects, sometimes
living organisms); provides information to a
reader when requested
Passive – no power source, derives power from the
reader signal
Active – self-powered, do not need to be close to the
reader
RFID Privacy Issues – may be used as spychips; gathers
sensitive information about an individual without
consent
24