Transcript CPU Central Processing Unit

CPU
Central Processing Unit
The CPU is the single most important component
within a computer system. The CPU coordinates
almost all activities in a computer system. The
CPU is sometimes referred to as the computers
“brain”.
http://www.redhill.net.au/iu.html
http://www.howstuffworks.com/microprocessor.htm
The major concepts of CPU’s are:

Speed of CPU’s

CPU Components

How CPU’s work

History of CPU’s
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Manufacturers of CPU’s

CPU sockets

Cooling of CPU’s
CPU Speeds
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The speed of a CPU is determined by an internal clock.
Using a quartz crystal, the CPU clock breathes life into the
CPU by feeding it a constant flow of pulses. For example,
a 200MHz CPU receives 200 million pulses per second.

CPUs are measured how fast they can process information.
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The speed is measured in Mega Hertz (million) or Giga
Hertz (billion) clock cycles per second.

A 1.1 GHz process means that the CPU can do 1.1 Billion
Cycles per second!
The CPU has three sub parts that work together to do all the
processing work. They are the Central Memory, Arithmetic Logic
Unit (ALU) and the Control Unit.
CPU Components

Central Memory --- Part of the computer where data and
instructions are held. (Also known as main memory, main
store, central memory, immediate access memory.)

ALU --- The part of the CPU where arithmetic and logic
operations are performed. Sometimes called the arithmetic
unit.

Control Unit --- Part of the computer where data and
instructions are held. (Also known as main memory, main
store, central memory, immediate access memory.)
How CPU’s work
The CPU performs four steps in executing an instruction:
1. The control unit gets the instruction from memory.
2. The control unit decides what the instruction means and directs
the necessary data to be moved from the memory to the arithmetic
logic unit.
3. The arithmetic logic unit performs the actual operation on the
data.
4. The result of the operation is stored in memory or a register.
History of the CPU
The Central Processing Unit was first manufactured in 1971 when
a small unknown company, named Intel, combined multiple
transistors to form a central processing unit. The unit was named
the Intel 4044.
However, it was 8 years before the first Personal Computer was
constructed
History of the CPU
History of the CPU
CPU Manufacturer’s
Intel, AMD and Cyrix and Motorola
Advanced Micro Devices are
the world's second biggest
CPU manufacturer. They are
also one of the oldest; the
company was founded in
1969.
Cyrix began in 1988 as a
specialist manufacturer of
high-performance math coprocessors for 286 and 386
systems.
CPU Manufacturer’s
IBM has been in the
CPU business longer
than anyone. Their
multi-chip mainframe
processors have been in
production for decades.
CPU Manufacturer’s
Centaur are a fairly
new entrant onto the
CPU market.. Their
first CPU, the C6, hit
the market late in
1997
Digital Equipment Corporation
(DEC) are one of the grandest old
names in computing. Founded in
1957
One of the giants in world electronics,
SGS Thompson make a vast range of
products, ranging from components to
finished items as diverse as radar and
military electronics systems. Their main
connection with CPUs has been as
contract manufacturers for Cyrix
Motorola developed the 68000 series
CPUs that powered the Apple Mac, Atari
ST, Commodore Amiga
CPU Sockets
Socket 1 169 Pins 5v 486 SX or DX
Socket 2 238 Pins 5v 486 SX DX or DX2
Socket 3 237 Pins 3v/5v 486 SX DX DX2 DX4
Socket 6 235 Pins 3v 486 DX
Intel Pentium Sockets
Socket 4 – 273 Pins 5v 60 or 66 MHZ Pentium
Socket 5 – 320 Pins 3v 75, 90 or 100 MHz Pentium
Socket 7 – 321 Pins 2.5/3.3v 75, 90 or 100 MHz Pentium
Socket 8 – 387 Pins 2.5v Pentium Pro
CPU Socket Summary
•486 Socket - 168 pin holes (17x17) PGA LIF socket.
•Socket 1 - 169 pin holes (17x17) PGA LIF socket.
•Socket 2 - 238 pin holes (19x19) PGA ZIF socket.
•Socket 3 - 237 pin holes (19x19) PGA ZIF socket.
•Socket 4 - 273 pin holes (21x21) PGA ZIF socket.
•Socket 5 - 320 pin holes (19x19) SPGA ZIF socket.
•Socket 6 - 235 pin holes (19x19) PGA ZIF socket.
•Socket 7 - 321 pin holes (19x19) SPGA ZIF socket.
•Socket 8 - 387 pin holes (24x26) MSPGA ZIF socket.
•Socket 370 - 370 pin holes (19x19) SPGA ZIF socket.
•Socket A - 462 (actually 453) pin holes (19x19) SPGA ZIF socket.
•Socket 423 - 423 pin holes (20x20) SPGA ZIF socket.
•Socket 478 - 478 pin holes (26x26) µPGA ZIF socket.
•Socket 603 - 603 pin holes (31x25) µPGA ZIF socket.
•PAC418 - 418 pin holes (2x(19x6)) VLIF socket.
CPU Slots
For a short time CPUs where designed to fit a cartridge
shape the following is a short list of those form factors.
Slot 1 - 242 leads. SEC slot.
Slot 2 - 330 leads. SEC slot.
Slot A - 242 leads. SEC slot.
Intel
Intel
AMD
CPU Cooling Systems
As CPUs became faster with more transistors built into them, excessive
heat build-up do to electrical resistance became a factor in it’s
performance.
Manufacturers began to designed cooling systems needed to dissipate
the heat away from the CPU.
Heat sinks and fans are two of the most common ways in which to
dissipate excess heat.
CPU Cooling Systems
Heat Sink Compound / Paste
Heat sinks operate by conducting heat from the processor to the heat
sink and then radiating it to the air.
The better the transfer of heat between the two surfaces (the CPU
and the heat sink metal) the better the cooling.
To improve the thermal connection between the processor and heat
sink, a special chemical called heat sink compound should be used.
A thin layer of this is spread between the two, which greatly
improves heat transfer and the cooling of the processor
MMX Technology
Intel added 57 powerful new instructions to its CPU architecture
to speed up certain computer-intensive loops in multimedia and
communications applications.
PCs that use MMX technology will help make it possible for
users to dial up friends, relatives or colleagues on the Internet
with video conferencing equipment, share applications, and
watch full-length movies with stereo sound all at once.