Transcript PPT

Hardware Trends
Contents
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Memory
Hard Disks
Processors
Network
Accessories
Future
Memory
DDR 3
DDR 4
• Released in 2007
• 1.5 v Power Consumption
• Expected 2015 release
• 1.2v Power Consumption
• Peak Transfer Rate:
– DDR2 -> 1.8v
– DDR -> 2.25v
• Peak Transfer Rate:
– 2 x 106 transfer/s
• Normal Transfer Rate:
– ~(0.8 to 1.2) x 106 transfer/s
• NOT backwards compatible.
• 8 GB Chip Capacity
• 16 GB Module Capacity
– ~4 x 106 transfer/s
• Normal Transfer Rate:
– ~2 x 106 transfer/s
• Not backwards compatible
with previous versions
• Expected 16 GB Chip Capacity.
• Expected 32 GB Module
Capacity.
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Memory
Hard Disks
Processors
Network
Accessories
Future
Hard Drives
• Current High Speed
Interfaces:
– SATA (Serial ATA)
– SAS (Serial Attached
SCSI)
• Current Capacity: 2TB
• Time to read (seek):
– 1956: 0.1 sec
– Now: 0.003 sec
• Random Access Time:
– Between 1 and 5
seconds
– Between 5 and 10 ms
• Price:
– 1956: $15,000 / MB
– Now: $100 / TB
• Size:
– 1956: 8 in.
– Now: 2.5 in.
Hard Drives
• New: SSD (Solid State
Drives)
– Positives
• Flash Based rather than
mechanical.
• Lower Power / less
voltage
– Current max capacity:
• currently up to 512 GB
– Time to read:
• < 0.1 ms
– Size:
• 1.8 inch
– No Seek Times
– No slowdown to
fragmentation.
– No acoustics.
– No data loss to shock.
– Controllers can read
AND write
asynchronously.
– Very low power
consumption.
Hard Drives
• Negatives:
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Price: $1.20 to $2.00 per GB
Size: typically 512 GB or less
Typically slower writes than reads
Flash models are “write limited”
• Can only write to same sector of flash memory limited number of
times before that sector becomes unusable.
• All drives contain a special controller that minimizes this problem!
• Trends:
– 2 year trend:
• 50% price decrease
• 200% capacity increase
Contents
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Memory
Hard Disks
Processors
Network
Accessories
Future
Processors
• Old and Busted?
– Single core processors
• Pentium IV Extreme Edition
– Max spd: 3.73 GHz
– Clock rate: 1066 MHz
– L1 & L2 cache for instruction pre-fetch
– Fastest single core processor ever created.
Processors
• New and shiny:
– Multi-core processors /
Many-core processors
• Why?
– Multiple CPU cores per
chip
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Dual (2)
Quad (4)
Hexa (6)
Octa (8)
Dodeca (12)
• Slower cores used in
chips.
– Typically < 2.6 GHz
• Performance
dependant on software!
• Processors
– Have own L1 cache
– Share L2 and L3 cache
Processors
• Intel Core i7 (“Nehalem” architecture)
– 4 cores
– 1 MB L2 cache | 8 MB L3 cache
– 2 x DDR3 RAM bus
– .65 to 1.4 V
– 731 x 106 transistors
Processors
• Why do my programs run slower on multi-core
processors?
– Software doesn’t care about the underlying
architecture.
– Most software is single-threaded (especially
legacy applications)
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Memory
Hard Disks
Processors
Network
Accessories
Future
Network
• Current: 1GB Ethernet
– Less used: Myricom / Infiniband
• Proprietary interfaces and cables
• Up to 80GB/s transfer speed
• New:
– 100 GB switch demonstrated by Cisco in 2008
– 100 GB NIC demonstrated in June 2009
– January 2011:
• Lucent introduced 100 GB Ethernet interfaces that
support current broadband technology.
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Memory
Hard Disks
Processors
Network
Accessories
Future
Accessories
USB 2.x
• Throughput:
– 35 to 40 MB/s
• Max cable length:
– 16.4 ft
• Half-duplex
– Only 1 operation at a time
(read/write)
USB 3.0
• Throughput:
– Tested ~100 MB/s
• Max cable length:
– 9.8 ft.
• Bi-directional traffic
• Signaling rate: 625 MB/s
• Increased Power over USB
for devices.
• Max # devices: 127
Accessories
• Future:
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Intel (Light Peak)
Optical Cabling
10 GB/s bi-directional data transfer
Handles multiple communication protocols
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USB
Video
Firewire
Etc…
– Testing 100 GB/s protocols & devices
– 1st adopters: Apple for new iMacs
Contents
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Memory
Hard Disks
Processors
Network
Accessories
Future
Future???
• Predictions:
– Power requirements for PCs will continue to decline.
– Processing throughput and storage speed discrepancy
will continue to widen
– Increase in distributed computing:
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More netbooks
Fewer servers
Faster interfaces
“Slower” processors but more computational throughput
– Software vendors:
• Increase software parallelization
Future???
– SSDs will begin to replace SATA/SAS
– Teaching trends?
• Parallel computing
• Software parallelization
– Compilers:
• Parallel optimizations for software