Transcript PPT - ETRO

Chapter 1.5
History
of
Computing Devices
Summary
• Early history of computing devices
• Commercial developments
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First generation systems
Second generation systems
Third generation hardware
Third generation software
Fourth generation systems
Summary
• Early history of computing devices
• Commercial developments
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First generation systems
Second generation systems
Third generation hardware
Third generation software
Fourth generation systems
Chinese Abacus
Blaise Pascal
Charles Babbage (1840)
1890 Census & Herman Hollerith
1890 Census & Herman Hollerith
Punched Cards Data Processing
1890 - 1960
• Herman Hollerith founder of
– Computing, Tabulating and Recording Company
> International Business Machines (1924)
– Industry leader in electromechanical data handling
• Competition:
– Sperry Rand Corporation
– Bull
Early Electronic Data Processing
1935-1950
• In Europe :
– Alan TURING : COLLOSSUS
• In the USA :
– John V. Atanasoff & Clifford Berry
– J.Presper Eckert & John W.Mauchly : ENIAC
– John Von Neumann : EDVAC
Alan TURING
The Enigma
Alan Turing @ Bletchley Park
John Atanasoff & Clifford Berry
The Atanasoff-Berry Computer
Eckert & Mauchly : ENIAC
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Moore School of Electrical Engineering
First large scale electronic calculator
Build between 1943 and 1946
Complexity : 18 000 radio valves
Electrical power : 65 000 Watt
Mean time between failure : 6.5 Hours
Capabilities : those of a pocket calculator...
J.Presper ECKERT
John W. MAUCHLEY
Eckert, Mauchly & Von Neumann
Eckert, Mauchly & Von Neumann
• John Von Neumann
– signs the EDVAC project
– publishes paper setting the foundations of
modern computers
• Eckert & Mauchly
– get patents on ENIAC design
– found a company to build commercial
computers : UNIVAC
The Honeywell vs. Sperry-Univac Lawsuit
1968-1973
“Eckert and Mauchly”
“did not themselves first invent”
“the automatic electronic digital computer,”
“but instead derived that subject matter”
“from one Dr.John Vincent Atanasoff.”
Judge LARSON
October 19, 1973
John Vincent Atanasoff
The”legal” inventor of the digital computer
Summary
• Early history of computing devices
• Commercial developments
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First generation systems
Second generation systems
Third generation hardware
Third generation software
Fourth generation systems
First Generation Systems
1948-1958
• Control Unit & ALU : Vacuum tubes
• Central memory : inadequate technologies
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Mercury delay lines : slow and error prone
Manchester storage tubes : low capacity
Capacity : a few kilobytes
Access time : tens of microseconds
• Software : mainly scientific calculations
– Cost of hardware >> cost of programmers
– Programs written in machine language by scientists.
– Main concern : efficient use of small memory
First generation ALU module
Summary
• Early history of computing devices
• Commercial developments
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First generation systems
Second generation systems
Third generation hardware
Third generation software
Fourth generation systems
Bardeen, Bratten & Shockley
Invent the transistor at Bell Labs in 1948 and receive
the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1955
The first Transistor
Revolutionary replacement for electronic vacuum valves
Ferrite Memory
1024 bit
(128 bytes)
2 S
Fast, low cost technology for central memories
Second Generation Systems
1955-1965
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Control Unit & ALU : Transistors
Central memory : Ferrite cores
Spectacular improvement of price/performance
Much larger systems become affordable
Software :
– Both scientific and administrative applications
– Programmer productivity becomes important.
> High level programming languages
• Scientific applications : FORTRAN
• Business oriented applications : COBOL
First Scientific Supercomputer
The IBM 7030 “Stretch”
Grace Hopper (US Navy)
Promoter of COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language)
John Backus (IBM)
Designer of FORTRAN (FORMULA TRANSLATOR)
Summary
• Early history of computing devices
• Commercial developments
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First generation systems
Second generation systems
Third generation hardware
Third generation software
Fourth generation systems
The First Integrated Circuit
Integrated circuits
Several orders of magnitude improvement of
price/performance ratio for electronic equipment
Third Generation Computers
1965-1973
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Control Unit & ALU : Integrated Circuits
Central memory : Ferrite cores
Enormous improvement of price/performance
Very large systems become affordable
Software :
– Multiprogramming to keep systems busy
– Second generation software technology appears
inadequate for such large and complex systems.
– Operating systems and application programs hard
or even impossible to debug.
= THE SOFTWARE CRISIS !!!
New powerful computers:
The IBM 360 series
Summary
• Early history of computing devices
• Commercial developments
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First generation systems
Second generation systems
Third generation hardware
Third generation software
Fourth generation systems
The Cost of Software
Design (18%)
Coding (7%)
Debugging
(25%)
Maintenance
(50%)
Software Engineering
• Facts:
– Software development is usually much more
expensive than the computer to run the software.
– 75% of software cost result from testing and
making small changes.
• Logical conclusions:
– Except when hardware cost is dominant, Software
should be designed to be easily tested and
modified rather than to be small or fast.
> Software should be simple and clearly written
Third Generation Software
1970-1990
• Structured programming
• New programming languages :
– Pascal : initially for teaching structured programming
– Ada : derived from Pascal, for reliable software
– C : kind of high-level assembly language, initially
intended for systems programming
• Extensions to existing languages :
– Structured FORTRAN
– Structured COBOL
• New operating system : UNIX
– Simple, well structured multiprogramming system
– written in C.
Niklaus Wirth
One of the founders of
Software Engineering,
and designer of new
programming languages
to support and teach
software engineering:
Pascal, Modula, Oberon
Ken Thomson
With Denis Ritchie
designed UNIX,
to support advanced
text processing at
the patent office of
Bell Labs
Summary
• Early history of computing devices
• Commercial developments
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First generation systems
Second generation systems
Third generation hardware
Third generation software
Fourth generation systems
VLSI Technology
(Very Large Scale Integration)
• Progress in integrated circuits manufacturing
– Number of components doubles every 18 months
– Smaller components result in higher speed
– Price/performance doubles in less than 18 months
• Technology milestones
– 1971: the first microprocessor = an entire CPU in
one VLSI circuit.
– 1970: integrated circuit memories become cheaper
than ferrite memories.
The founders of INTEL
Andy Grove
Robert Noyce
Gordon Moore
VLSI memory chips
Ted Van t’Hoff
Designer of the first microprocessor at INTEL
The First Microprocessor
Prophetic advertisement published
in the November 15, 1971 issue of Electronics
Fourth Generation Systems
1970-now
• Control Unit & ALU : Integrated Circuits
• Central memory : Integrated Circuits
• Diversified computers:
– Low cost Personal Workstations
– Multi-processor supercomputers
– Embedded systems
• Networking and distributed processing
• Software :
– Graphical User-interfaces
– Application oriented programming.
– Object oriented design & programming.
The IBM Personal Computer
Launched in August 1981
Special Purpose Computers
Chip - Cards