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presented by Group 13 INDIUM Indium Overview Atomic Structure Crystal Structure Physical Properties Chemical Properties Chemical Reactions Isotopes & Abundance Use of Indium Health Effects Environmental Effects Group13 Siti Rohmatikah (10503046) Rasminda Senovita (10503047) Nurrahmi H (10503048) Dani Setiawan (10503049) presented by Group 13 Overview of Indium Indium Overview Atomic Structure Crystal Structure Physical Properties Chemical Properties Chemical Reactions • Origin of name: – from the brilliant indigo line in its spectrum • History: – discovered by Ferdinand Reich and Theodor H Richter in 1863 while they were testing zinc ores with a spectrograph in search of thallium. – Richter went on to isolate the metal in 1867. – until 1924, a gram or so constituted the world's supply of this element in isolated form Isotopes & Abundance Use of Indium Health Effects Environmental Effects • Sources: – by-product of zinc refining – also found in iron, lead, and copper ores presented by Group 13 Atomic Structure of Indium Indium Overview Atomic Structure Crystal Structure Physical Properties Chemical Properties Chemical Reactions Isotopes & Abundance Use of Indium Health Effects Environmental Effects Number of Energy Levels: 5 First Energy Level: 2 Second Energy Level: 8 Third Energy Level: 18 Fourth Energy Level: 18 Fifth Energy Level: 3 presented by Group 13 Crystal Structure of Indium Indium Overview Atomic Structure Crystal Structure Physical Properties Chemical Properties Chemical Reactions Isotopes & Abundance Use of Indium Health Effects Environmental Effects Tetragonal presented by Group 13 Physical Properties Indium • Atomic Mass Average : 114.82 Overview Atomic Structure Crystal Structure • • Melting Point Boiling Point : 156.76°C : 2073°C • Conductivity: – Electrical – Thermal Physical Properties Chemical Properties • Density Chemical Reactions • Description: Health Effects Environmental Effects : 7.31g/mL @ 300K – soft, silvery-white metal with a brilliant luster Isotopes & Abundance Use of Indium : 0.116 106/cm : 0.816 W/cmK • • • Enthalpy of Atomization Enthalpy of Fusion Enthalpy of Vaporization : 242.7 kJ/mole @ 25°C : 3.28 kJ/mole : 226.4 kJ/mole presented by Group 13 Chemical Properties Indium Overview Atomic Structure Crystal Structure Physical Properties Chemical Properties Chemical Reactions Isotopes & Abundance Use of Indium Health Effects Environmental Effects • • • • Electron Work Function: 4.12eV Electronegativity :1.78 (Pauling) Heat of Fusion : 3.263kJ/mol Ionization Potential: – First : 5.786 – Second: 18.869 – Third : 28.03 • Valence Electron Potential: -54 eV presented by Group 13 Chemical Reactions Indium Overview Atomic Structure Crystal Structure Physical Properties Chemical Properties Chemical Reactions Isotopes & Abundance Use of Indium Health Effects Environmental Effects • with air: 4 In(g) + 3O2(g) → 2 In2O3(s) • with water: In3+(aq) + H2O(l) → In(OH)2+(aq) + H+(aq) • with acids: 2 In2O3(s) + 12 HCl(aq) → 4 InCl3(aq) + 6 H2O(l) • with bases: InCl3(aq) + 4 LiH(s) → LiInH4(aq) + 3 LiCl(aq) • with halogens: 3 In(s) + CaF2(aq) → 3 InF2(aq) + Ca2+(aq) presented by Group 13 Isotopes & Abundance Indium Overview Atomic Structure Crystal Structure Physical Properties Chemical Properties Chemical Reactions Isotopes & Abundance Use of Indium Health Effects Environmental Effects • about as abundant as silver • 4 million troy ounces of indium are now produced annually in the world • Isotopes’ Half Life – – – – – – In-111 In-113 In-114 In-115 In-116 In-117 : 2.8 days : Stable (4,3%) : 1.2 minutes : 4.4 x 1014 years (95,7%) : 14.1 seconds : 44.0 minutes presented by Group 13 Use of Indium Indium Overview Atomic Structure Crystal Structure Physical Properties Chemical Properties Chemical Reactions Isotopes & Abundance Use of Indium Health Effects Environmental Effects • low-melting alloys (an alloy of 24% indium - 76% gallium is liquid at room temperature) • Used to make photoconductors, germanium transistors, rectifiers, and thermistors. • electroluminescent panels • light filter in low pressure sodium vapor lamps • Indium phosphide semiconductors and indium-tin-oxide (ITO) thin films for liquid crystal displays (LCDs) • eutectic alloy of gallium, indium, and tin (Galinstan®), is widely available in fever thermometers • Can also be plated onto metals and evaporated onto glass which forms a mirror which is as good as those made with silver but has higher corrosion resistance. • fusible alloys, solders, dental alloys, nuclear control rods, and electronics presented by Group 13 Health Effects Indium Overview Atomic Structure Crystal Structure Physical Properties Chemical Properties Chemical Reactions Isotopes & Abundance Use of Indium Health Effects Environmental Effects • Pure indium in metal form is considered nontoxic by most sources. • All indium compounds should be regarded as highly toxic. Indium compounds damage the heart, kidney, and liver, and may be teratogenic. • Example: – indium trichloride anhydrous (InCl3) is quite toxic – indium phosphide (InP) is both toxic and a suspected carcinogen. presented by Group 13 Environmental Effects Indium Overview Atomic Structure Crystal Structure Physical Properties Chemical Properties Chemical Reactions Isotopes & Abundance Use of Indium Health Effects Environmental Effects • Indium has no hazardous effect to the environment although indium is very slightly radioactive. • It very slowly decays to tin over time. • This radioactivity is not considered hazardous, mainly because its decay rate is nearly 50,000 times slower than that of natural thorium, with a half-life, 4 x 1014 years, many thousands of times longer than the estimated age of the universe. • Also, indium is not a notorious cumulative poison, like its neighbor cadmium, and is relatively rare.