Transcript Presentation

Chapter 5
The Motherboard
You Will Learn…
 About the types of motherboards
 About components on the motherboard
 A basic procedure for building a computer
 How to install a motherboard
 How to troubleshoot a motherboard
Motherboards
 House the CPU
 Allow all devices to communicate with the
motherboard and with each other
 Determine capabilities and limitations of the
system
Types of Motherboards
Types of Motherboards
Main Components on a Motherboard






CPU and its chip set
System clock
ROM BIOS
CMOS configuration
chip and its battery
RAM
RAM cache (optional)
 System bus with
expansion slots
 Jumpers and DIP
switches
 Ports directly on the
board
 Power supply
connections
Field Replaceable Units (FRUs)
 CPU
 ROM BIOS chip
 CMOS battery
 RAM
 RAM cache
Typical AT Motherboard
Typical ATX Motherboard
Selection of a Motherboard
Determines…






CPU types and speeds
Chip set on the board
Memory cache type and size
Types and number of expansion slots: ISA, PCI, and
AGP
Type of memory: ECC, EDO, SDRAM, SIMMs, or
DIMMs
Type of memory: what kind of and how much SRAM
and DRAM
continued…
Selection of a Motherboard
Determines…






Type of case
ROM BIOS
Type of keyboard connector
Presence/absence of proprietary video and/or
proprietary local bus slots
Presence/absence of IDE adapters and SCSI controller
Presence/absence of COM ports, LPT ports, and
mouse port
Considerations When Selecting a System
Board








Support the CPU you plan to use?
Type of BIOS?
Bus speeds and type of memory; memory capacity?
Use many embedded devices?
Fit the case?
Support legacy cards?
Warranty? How much manufacturer support?
How extensive and user-friendly is documentation?
Major Manufacturers o Motherboards
The System Clock
 Keeps the beat for motherboard activities
 Frequency is measured in megahertz (MHz)
 Wait state
• Occurs when the CPU must wait for another
component
How the CPU Works
 Input/output (I/O) unit
• Manages data and instructions entering and leaving
the CPU
 Arithmetic logic units (ALUs)
• Do all comparisons and calculations
 Control unit
• Manages all activities inside the CPU itself
How the CPU Works
Attributes Used to Rate CPU
 CPU speed measured in gigahertz
 Efficiency of programming code
 Number of transistors
 Number of registers
 Word size
 Data path
continued…
Attributes Used to Rate CPU
 Maximum number of memory addresses
 Amount of memory included with the CPU
 Multiprocessing ability
 Special functionality
The Pentium and Its Competitors
 Pentium processor is a true multiprocessor (has
two ALUs)
 Terminology
• Bus speed
• Processor speed
• The multiplier
• Memory cache
The Pentium and Its Competitors
Types of Pentium CPUs
continued…
Types of Pentium CPUs
Pentium III
Pentium 4
Competitors of Advanced Pentiums
VIA C3 Processor
AMD Athlon Processor
Intel Itaniums
 The next-generation processor
 Intel’s first 64-bit processor for
microcomputers
 Designed for high-end enterprise servers
 Uses a new instruction set called the EPIC
(explicitly parallel instruction computing)
architecture
Intel Itaniums
CPU Heat Sinks
and Cooling Fans
 Heat sinks
• Used by older CPUs to pull heat away from the
CPU
Clip-on devices that mount on top of the CPU
•
 Cooling fans
• Keep temperatures below the Intel maximum limit
of 185 degrees F/85 degrees C
CPU Cooling Fan
CPU Cooling Fan
CPU Packages





SECC (Single Edge Contact
Cartridge)
SECC2 (Single Edge Contact
Cartridge, version 2)
SEP (Single Edge Processor)
PPGA (Plastic Pin Grid
Array)
PGA (Pin Grid Array)




OOI/OLGA (Organic Land
Grid Array)
FC-PGA (Flip Chip Pin Grid
Array)
FC-PGA2 (Flip Chip Pin
Grid Array 2)
PAC (Pin Array Cartridge)
Plastic Pin Grid Array
CPU Slots and Sockets
continued…
CPU Slots and Sockets
CPU Slots and Sockets
 The physical connection used to connect the
CPU to the system board
 Slots 1 and 2 are proprietary Intel slots
 Slot A is a proprietary AMD slot
 Current CPU sockets are called zero insertion
force (ZIF) sockets and have a small lever on
the side of the socket that lifts the CPU up and
out of the socket
CPU Slots and Sockets
CPU Voltage Regulator
 Dual-voltage CPUs
 Single-voltage CPUs
CPU Voltage Regulator
The Chip Set
 Set of chips on the system board that
collectively controls the memory cache,
external buses, and some peripherals
 Intel dominates the market
• Most compatible with Pentium family of CPUs
• Investment in R&D has led to other developments
(eg, PCI bus, universal serial bus, AGP, and
Accelerated Hub Architecture)
Intel Chip Sets







“E” chipset family
Intel i800 Series
Orion
Natoma
Triton III
Triton II
Triton I
Intel 800 Series of Chip Sets
Chip Set Manufacturers
ROM BIOS
 Flash ROM allows the ROM BIOS to be
upgraded without changing the ROM chip
Sample Web Site for Flash ROM BIOS
Upgrades
Buses and Expansion Slots
 Today’s PCs have four or five buses, each with
different speeds, access methods, and protocols
 Bus evolution
 So many buses because single speed is not
practical
 A bus carries electrical power, control signals,
memory addresses, and data
 On-board ports
Buses Listed by Throughput
Relationship of CPU Speed to Bus Speed
 When the multiplier that determines CPU
speed is large, overall performance of system is
not as good as when multiplier is small
 Change the speed of a computer by
• Changing speed of system bus, or
• Changing multiplier that determines speed of CPU
CPU and Bus Speeds
Hardware Configuration
 Tells CPU what hardware components are
present in the system and how they are set up
to interface with the CPU
 Provided on motherboard in three ways:
• DIP switches
• Jumpers
• CMOS
Setup Data Stored by DIP Switches
Setup Data Stored by Jumpers
Setup Data Stored by Jumpers
Setup Data Stored
on a CMOS Chip
 Store configuration information
 Changing CMOS using the setup program
 Battery power to the CMOS chip
 Setting startup passwords in CMOS
How to Access CMOS Setup
How to Access CMOS Setup
How to Access CMOS Setup
How to Access CMOS Setup
How to Access CMOS Setup
Battery Power to CMOS Chip
Types of CMOS Batteries
 3.6 V lithium battery with a four-pin
connector; connects with a Velcro strip
 4.5 V alkaline battery with a four-pin
connector; connects with a Velcro strip
 3.6 V barrel-style battery with a two-pin
connector; soldered on
 3 V lithium coin-cell battery (most common)
Coin-Cell CMOS Battery
CMOS
 Setting startup passwords in CMOS
 Categories of CMOS settings
•
•
•
•
•
Standard CMOS setup
Advanced CMOS setup (aka BIOS Features setup)
Advanced Chip Set Setup
Power Menu (aka Power Management)
IDE HDD Auto-detect Hardware Device Settings
(on “jumperless” motherboards only)
Protecting Documentation and
Configuration Settings
 Keep well-labeled, written record of:
• All changes you make to CMOS
• Records of hardware and software installed
• Network settings
 Keep documentation up to date and in a safe
place
 Saving and restoring CMOS settings using a
third-party utility software
Building a Computer:
An Introduction
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Verify you have all parts
Prepare computer case
Install drives
Determine configuration settings for motherboard
Set jumpers or switches on motherboard
Install CPU and CPU cooler
Install RAM
Install motherboard and attach cabling
continued…
Building a Computer:
An Introduction
9. Install video card
10. Plug computer into power source; attach monitor
and keyboard
11. Boot system and enter CMOS setup
12. Make sure settings are set to the default
13. If booting from a floppy: insert bootable setup disk
14. Observe POST
15. Prepare hard drive for the OS
continued…
Building a Computer:
An Introduction
16. Reboot the system and run ScanDisk on drive C
17. Connect the mouse
18. Install OS from CD or floppy
19. Change boot order in CMOS
20. Check for conflicts with system resources
21. Install expansion cards and/or drives
22. Verify all is operating properly; make final OS
and/or CMOS adjustments
Installing the Motherboard
 Preparing the motherboard to go into the case
• Setting the jumpers
• Adding the CPU, fan, and heat sink
 Installing the motherboard in the case
 Completing the installation
Adding the CPU
Adding the Fan
Adding the Fan
Adding the Fan
Adding the Fan
Installing the Motherboard
in the Case
 Install the faceplate
 Install the standoffs
 Place motherboard inside case and attach it
 Connect power cord from power supply to P1
power connection on motherboard
 Connect wire leads from front panel of case to
motherboard: reset switch, HDD LED, speaker,
power LED, remote switch
Installing the Faceplate
Installing the Faceplate
Placing Motherboard in Case
Connecting the Wire Leads
Orienting the Connector on
Motherboard Pins
Troubleshooting the Motherboard
 Look for clues from POST
• Reports errors as beep codes
 Cautiously substitute good hardware
components for those you suspect are bad
Information about Beep Codes
Chapter Summary
 How components of a computer work in
harmony and with accuracy
 The motherboard
• Central site of computer logic circuitry
• Location of the most important microchip in the
computer, the CPU