Transcript ResearchPresentations\Beyond Moore`s

Beyond Moore's Law
Spencer Anderson
13- April- 2015
Moore's Law has both theoretical and practical limits.
Most practical limits (e.g. energy, spatial) are far
removed from the theoretical limits, with
considerable room for improvement. By using new
arhitectures, methods and materials (e.g. dark
silicon, GaAs), these current limits can be
surpassed. Moore's Law will continue to advance for
the foreseeable future.
Overview
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Theoretical and practical limits of computing
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Current practical limits of Moore's Law
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Technological vs ultimate limits
Design limits, connection limits, energy limits
Emergent solutions to current limitations
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New design/manufacturing methods, new
materials
Moore's Law
Intel Corporation
Number of transistors per chip doubles every
1-2 years
Moore's Limits
Jin Hu, Myung-Chul Kim, Igor L. Markov (University of Michigan)
Universal limits ensure there will be an end to
Moore's Law
Limits of the Limits
"Some limits are hopelessly loose and can be
ignored, while other limits remain conjectural
and are based on empirical evidence only; these
may be very difficult to establish rigorously." Markov, I. (2014, August 14). Limits on fundamental limits to
computation. Nature.
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There is still considerable room for
improvement
Three Big Limits
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Design and Manufacturing
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Speed of Light
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Material limits, design methodology
Imposes size/speed trade-off
Power Management
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Inefficiency adds up
Today's Solutions
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Design Changes
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Interconnection Improvements
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Parallel processing, active power management,
new computer architectures
Layout optimization, optical transmission
New Materials
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Gallium arsenide, carbon
Paralell Computing
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Splitting up large problems
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Relatively easy to build
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Primarily software limited
Computer Notes
Architectural Changes
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Has device level
consequences
Can provide large
performance improvements
Design and Reuse
Power Management
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Dark silicon design
Reduces power
consumption, waste heat
Better performance for
similar energy
Electronics Cooling
3D Interconnections
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Allows for shorter critical
paths
Denser circuit layouts
Samsung Technology Development
Optical Interconnections
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Faster, more efficient than
copper
Easier to multiplex
Combines well with GaAs
logic
IBM Research
Gallium Arsenide Logic
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Slowly developing,
becoming competitive with
silicon
Difficult to work with, but
emerging technologies
(POET) promising
Combines well with optical
interconnects
Compound Semiconductor
Carbon Nanotubes
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Smaller, more efficient
conductors
Faster, more conductive
transistors
Better material properties
IBM Research
Conclusions
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The ultimate limits of Moore's Law have not yet
been reached.
Improvements have been occurring across all
fronts
Moore's Law will continue for at least several
decades
Computers can still improve in areas not
governed by Moore's Law
References
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Markov, Igor. "Limits on Fundamental Limits to Computation." Nature (2014). Web. 9 Apr. 2015.
Kish, Lazlo. "End of Moore's Law: Thermal (noise) Death of Integration in Micro and Nano
Electronics." Physics Letters A (2002). Print.
"IBM Betting Carbon Nanotubes Can Restore Moore’s Law by 2020." Extreme Tech. 5 July 2014.
Web. 15 Apr. 2015. <http://www.extremetech.com/computing/185688-ibm-betting-carbon-nanotubescan-restore-moores-law-by-2020>.
Taylor, Geoffery. "GaAs: The Logical Successor to CMOS." Compound Semiconductors. 21 July
2014. Web. 15 Apr. 2015. <http://www.compoundsemiconductor.net/article/94567-gaas-the-logicalsuccessor-to-cmos.html>
Pedram, M., & Nazarian, S. (2006). Thermal Modeling, Analysis and Management in VLSI Circuits:
Principles and Methods.
Abate, T. (2014, December 15). Stanford team combines logic, memory to build a 'high-rise' chip.
Retrieved April 12, 2015, from http://engineering.stanford.edu/news/stanford-team-combines-logicmemory-build-high-rise-chip
Key Concepts
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Moore's Law has several theoretical limits that have not been
reached
Computational limits are not necessarily bounded to Moore's
Law
High level design can have large consequences at the device
level
Device size is not always the most relevant limitation
Most new semiconductor technologies can and will be used to
improve digital logic