Transcript CPU

2. The Computer System
2.1 System Unit
Classification of Computers
• Mainframe
– Most intensive computational tasks
– Large, powerful and expensive
– Can handle large centralised database and
run many applications at the same time
– Designed for multi-user environment
– Often used in government departments or
large organisations.
Picture is captured from ibm.com
Classification of Computers
• Mainframe
Picture are captured from Computer Studies for the New Generation Vol. 1,
W.H. Kwan, Chung Tai Educational Press
Classification of Computers
• Minicomputer
Picture is captured from hp.com
MicroComputer Set
• Desktop / Personal Computer (PC)
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MicroComputer Set
• Laptop / Notebook
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MicroComputer Set
• Workstation
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MicroComputer Set
• Handheld / Palmtop
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Hardware Components
• Hardware are the physical components of a
computer system. These components can
be divided into five groups:
–
–
–
–
–
Input device
Output device
CPU
Main memory
Storage device
Hardware Components
Input Device
CPU
Main Memory
Storage Device
Output Device
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CPU
• CPU (central processing unit) is an older term
for processor and microprocessor, the central
unit in a computer containing the logic
circuitry that performs the instructions of a
computer's programs
• CPU is the "brain" of the computer. Its
function is to execute programs stored in the
main memory by fetching their instructions,
examining them, and then executing them
one after another.
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CPU
• The processor (really a short form for
microprocessor and also often called
the CPU or central processing unit) is
the central component of the PC. It is
the brain that runs the show inside the
PC. All work that you do on your
computer is performed directly or
indirectly by the processor.
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CPU
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CPU
• Reference sites:
– http://www.pcguide.com/ref/cpu
– http://einstein.et.tudelft.nl/~offerman/
– http://www.webopaedia.com
– http://www.whatis.com
– http://www.sharkyextreme.com/hardware/h
ardware_cpu.shtml
– http://www.soyo.com.tw/
*
Copied from pcguide.com
CPU
• The processor controls the entire PC,
and uses dedicated control pathways
called "buses" to send information
between itself and the system cache,
memory and other devices. These are
the processor's external interfaces,
which can be different even for
otherwise similar CPUs.
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CPU
• Older CPU consists of
– Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
• Perform arithmetic on data. E.g., +, -, ×, ÷
• Perform logical operations on data. E.g. testing whether
2 data items are equal (true or false)
– Control Unit
• Control the access of data and instructions from main
memory (extracts instructions from memory and decodes
and executes them, calling on the ALU when necessary)
• Direct the sequence of instructions
• Interpret each program instruction (decode instructions)
• Give control signals (or commands) to appropriate
hardware devices
CPU
• Older CPU consists of
– Bus Interface
• Under the monitoring of control unit, read/write
data and communicate with other PC
components through Bus.
CPU
• Modern CPU consists of
– Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
• Perform arithmetic and logical calculation
• Can simultaneously execute many operations with a
number of individual ALU
– Execution Control Unit
• Coordinate the operations of other units
– Floating Processing Unit (FPU)
• Perform floating point calcuation
– Instruction Decoder
• Decode instructions
• Extracts instructions from memory and decodes and
executes them
CPU
• Modern CPU consists of
– Bus Interface
• Under the monitoring of control unit, read/write
data and communicate with other PC
components through Bus.
– Cache
• A special high-speed storage mechanism.
• Reduce the number of times of the direct
access between CPU and main memory
• Improve the efficiency of the CPU operations
CPU
• Efficiency of CPU based on
– A.
•
•
•
•
Bit processing capability
Registers
Data bus
Execution width of instructions
Unit is bit
CPU
• Efficiency of CPU based on
– B.
Memory Control
• Number of address lines
• E.g. 32 address lines can control 232 Bytes = 4
GB
– C.
Structure of Internal Operation
• Cache, data read/write, instruction read/write,
memory read/write, …
CPU
• Efficiency of CPU based on
– D.
Chips’ circuit size (晶片製程)
• The size of MOS (metal-oxide semiconductor) transistor
• The smaller the circuit size, the more of MOS transistors
can be packed inside a chip, and thus the more powerful
is the processor.
• 3 kinds: TTL, CMOS, BiCMOS
• CPUs employ CMOS and BiCMOS
• Unit is micron / μm = 10-6 m
• Microns is the width, in microns, of the smallest wire on
the chip. For comparison, a human hair is 100 microns
thick. As the feature size on the chip goes down, the
number of transistors rises.
CPU
• Efficiency of CPU based on
– E.
Clock
• The higher the clock speed, the shorter the time a CPU
requires to execute an instruction, thus the higher the
overall efficiency.
• Unit is MHz (Mega Hertz)
• References:
– http://www.pcguide.com/ref/cpu/char/chip.htm
– http://einstein.et.tudelft.nl/~offerman/cl.2.1.html
Some Types of CPUs
AMD
AMD Duron 950 MHz
AMD Athlon 1.4 GHz
Copied from sharkyextreme.com
Some Types of CPUs
Intel
Pentium !!! 1 GHz
P4 2.0 GHz
Celeron 800 MHz
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Some Types of CPUs
• Reference
– http://www.sharkyextreme.com/hardware/h
ardware_cpu.shtml
Socket Standards
• Socket 7
– 321-pin square-sized PGA
ZIP socket
– Highest clock rate is 66
MHz
– AMD processors, Cyrix MII, IDT WinChip 2
Copied from techweb.com/encyclopedia/
Socket Standards
• Socket 7
– Zero Insertion Force (ZIP) socket is a type
of socket designed for easy insertion of pin
grid array (PGA) chips. The chip is easily
dropped into the socket's holes, and a
lever is pulled down to lock it in. Pulling the
lever moves the top plate of the assembly,
pushing the pins into their contacts.
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Socket Standards
• Socket 370
– Socket 370 is Intel's new
plastic PGA (PPGA) ZIF
motherboard socket for its line
of Celeron and Pentium
processors.
– more economical than the
elaborate Slot 1 Pentium II
system
– Socket 370 accepts a 370-pin
PPGA chip package, instead
of the SEC (single edge
cartridge) Slot 1 package.
Copied from techweb.com/encyclopedia/ and webopaedia.com, soyo.com.tw and (tomshardware.com)
Socket Standards
• Socket 370
– http://www.overclocker.com.tw/99/socket3
70.asp
Socket Standards
• Socket 8
– A receptacle on the
motherboard for a K7 CPU
chip from AMD. It is
physically similar to Slot 1,
but has different electrical
requirements
• Socket A
– Designed for some AMD
Athlon and Duron CPUs
Socket A
Copied from soyo.com.tw
Socket Standards
• Socket 423 and socket 478
– Designed for P4 CPUs
• Super7
– A specification from AMD for PC motherboards
or single board computers that allows non-Intel
CPU chips to take advantage of faster bus
speeds and newer peripheral technologies. It
specifies the older Socket 7 CPU receptacle and
adds support for AGP, USB, Ultra ATA and the
100MHz bus
Slot Standards
• Slot 1
– A 242-pin slot on the
motherboard that holds Intel CPU
modules including the Intel Single
Edge Contact Cartridge (SECC
and SECC2) and Single Edge
Processor Package (SEPP).
– Slot 1 is a narrow slot like a PCI
bus slot
– P2 was the first to use Slot 1
Copied from techweb.com/encyclopedia/ and soyo.com.tw
Slot Standards
• Slot 2
– A 330-pin slot
– Intel's Xeon chips were the first to use Slot 2
– Designed for multiprocessing (SMP) systems, Slot 2
motherboards typically come with two slots and
require a termination card if only one CPU is
plugged in
– The biggest difference between Slot 1 and Slot 2,
though, is that the Slot 2 design allows the CPU to
communicate with the L2 cache at the CPU's full
clock speed. In contrast, Slot 1 only supports
communication between the L2 cache and CPU at
half the CPU's clock speed.
Copied from techweb.com/encyclopedia/ and webopaedia.com
Slot Standards
• Slot 2
Copied from soyo.com.tw
Slot Standards
• Slot A
– A receptacle on the
motherboard for a K7 CPU
chip from AMD. It is
physically similar to Slot 1,
but has different electrical
requirements
Copied from techweb.com/encyclopedia/ and soyo.com.tw
CPU Speed
CPU speed (內頻)
= External clock (外頻) × Multiplier factor
(倍頻)
• External clock (Local Bus rate) is the
working speed of the devices on the
motherboard
CPU Speed
• Setting the working frequency higher than
the PCI chipset or processor specs, may
cause abnormal memory module
functioning, system hangs, hard disk
drive data lose, abnormal functioning of
the VGA card, or abnormal functioning
with other add-on cards
CPU Clock
• Using a quartz crystal, the
CPU clock breathes life into
the CPU by feeding it a
constant flow of pulses.
• For example, a 200MHz
CPU receives 200 million
pulses per second.
• Similarly, in a
communications device, the
clock synchronizes the data
pulses between sender and
receiver.
Working Voltage
• Each CPU has its own working voltage
• Normally, the higher the voltage, the larger the
work done, and thus CPU may hang due to the
higher the temperature
• The lower the voltage, the less the electricity
consumption, the lower the CPU’s temperature
• Common CPUs have double-voltage design
– Vcore (核心電壓) and Vio (對外電壓)
• P2, P!!! and Celeron CPUs directly send a set
of Voltage Identification (VID) signals to the
power supply on the motherboard
How to Install CPU
• Reference:
– http://www.sharkyextreme.com/hardware/g
uides/cpu_install_guide/