Transcript 45870wk1-2 - Andrew.cmu.edu

Management of Information
Systems: 45-870
Mini-3
Spring 2000
Thursday, January 20, 2000
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Management of Information
Systems
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Computer Hardware
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IT Exercise #1 Guidelines & Grading Criteria
Teams:
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Basics & Trends
Managerial Issues
Formation
Assigned Presentation Date
Directory
Web Page Design & Development
Thursday, January 20, 2000
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The Information Technology
Platform
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
SOFTWARE & DATA
HARDWARE
Thursday, January 20, 2000
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Computer Basics
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Who invented the computer?
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What is a computer?
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A Computer System
Central Processing Unit
Input
Devices
Control
Unit
ALU
Output
Devices
Primary Storage
Unit
Secondary
Storage
Devices
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Types of Memory
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RAM : Random Access Memory
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Dynamic: Changes thru processing
Static: Remains constant (power on)
ROM : Read Only Memory (preprogrammed)
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PROM: Program can be changed once
EPROM: Erasable thru ultraviolet light
EEPROM: Electrically erasable
Flash Memory
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MICROPROCESSOR
VLSI CIRCUIT WITH CPU
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WORD LENGTH: BITS PROCESSED AT ONE TIME
MEGAHERTZ: ONE MILLION CYCLES PER SECOND
DATA BUS WIDTH: BITS MOVED BETWEEN CPU &
OTHER DEVICES
REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTING
(RISC): EMBEDS MOST USED INSTRUCTIONS ON
CHIP TO ENHANCE SPEED
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Trends in Computer
Processing
First
Generation
Second
Generation
Third
Generation
Fourth
Generation
Fifth
Generation
Trend: Toward Smaller, Faster, More Reliable, Less Costly Computers
Vacuum
Tubes
Solid-State
Integrated
Circuits
LSI, VLSI
Microprocessors
Greater
Power,
Smaller
Footprint
Trend: Toward Easy to Purchase, Easy to Maintain
Thursday, January 20, 2000
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More Trends
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microprocessor performance doubling every 18
months (Moore’s Law) while cost constant
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100 million transistors on a chip by 2005
Pentium Pro in 1995 (5.5 million transistors)
first Intel 4004 in 1971 (2,300 transistors)
use of semi-conductors in wider variety of
products
multi-media extensions
CISC & RISC merging
silicon-germanium chip
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can combine analog & digital on a single chip
Thursday, January 20, 2000
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Powers of 10 and the IT
Revolution
Visualizing progress in powers of 10 ...
If
the automobile, airplane, and other
businesses had developed like the information
technology business you could …..
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Purchase a set of automobile
tires for $0.50 that would last 12
million miles.
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Purchase a set of automobile
tires for $0.50 that would last 12
million miles.
Purchase a Rolls Royce for $2.75
that would get 8,800 miles to the
gallon.
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Purchase a set of automobile
tires for $0.50 that would last 12
million miles.
Purchase an automobile for $2.75
that would get 8,800 miles to the
gallon.
Purchase a ticket for an aroundthe-world airline flight that would
last only six minutes.
Thursday, January 20, 2000
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Purchase a set of automobile
tires for $0.50 that would last 12
million miles.
Purchase an automobile for $2.75
that would get 8,800 miles to the
gallon.
Purchase a ticket for an aroundthe-world airline flight that would
last only six minutes.
Purchase a home for $10,000 that
would occupy 440,000 square
feet.
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Major Categories of
Computers
Mainframe
Computers
Midrange
Computers
Microcomputers
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Centralized Model of
Computing
Terminal
Terminal
Host System/
Mainframe
Terminal
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Terminal
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Distributed (Client-Server)
Model of Computing
Client
Systems
Client
Systems
Servers
Client
Systems
Thursday, January 20, 2000
Servers
Servers
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Hybrid Model of Computing
Host Systems/
Mainframe
Client
Systems
Servers
Terminal
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SECONDARY STORAGE
DISK
 TAPE
 OPTICAL STORAGE
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Magnetic Disks
Tracks: Concentric circles
for storing data as magnetized
bits.
Cylinders
Access
Mechanism
Access
Arms
Disks
Read/Write
Heads
Track
Sectors:
Portions of a track
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Tape
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HEADER
STANDARD FOR SEQUENTIAL FILES
SPOOL OF PLASTIC TAPE COVERED WITH
FERROUS OXIDE (2400 feet per spool)
RECORD GROUPS: BLOCKING FACTOR (e.g., 10
records per block)
GROUPS SEPARATED BY INTER-BLOCK GAP
RECORDS READ BLOCK AT A TIME
IBG
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BLOCK 1
IBG
BLOCK 2
IBG
BLOCK 3
IBG
B
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MAGNETIC CARTRIDGE
ENCLOSED FERROUS OXIDE TAPE
 USED PERIODICALLY TO BACK UP
RECORDS
 INEXPENSIVE
 STORED IN SAFE LOCATION
 CAN BE REUSED
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OPTICAL STORAGE
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CD-ROM: 500-660 MEGABYTES
LAND: FLAT PARTS OF DISK SURFACE REFLECTS
LIGHT
 PITS: SMALL SCRATCH ON SURFACE SCATTERS
LIGHT
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WORM: WRITE ONCE / READ MANY
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ERASABLE OPTICAL STORAGE (EOS) DISKS; CD-RW
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DVD
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Storage Media Trade-offs
Semiconductor
Memory
Magnetic
Disks
Magnetic Tape
Optical Disks
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Major Trends in Secondary
Media Storage
Secondary
Storage
Magnetic Tape Magnetic Disk
Magnetic Drum Magnetic Tape
Magnetic Disk Optical Disk
Optical Disk Magnetic Disk
Trend: Towards Massive Capacities Using Magnetic and Optical Media
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More Trends
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magnetic disks and tapes remain primary
mass storage devices through 2005
density of magnetic hard disk drives
increasing at 60% per year
price per megabyte of disk storage falling by
50% every 15-18 months
DVD and CD-RW more popular
multi-media applications driving storage
developments
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Input Devices
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Input
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mouse
touch screen
voice input
scanners
OCR
pen-based
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Input Technology Trends
First
Generation
Punched
Card
Paper Tape
Second
Generation
Punched
Card
Third
Fourth
Generation Generation
Key to Tape/
Disk
Keyboard
Data Entry
Pointing
Devices
Optical
Scanning
Fifth
Generation
Voice
Recognition
Speech and
Touch Devices
Handwriting
Recognition
Trend: Towards Direct Input Devices that Are More Natural
and Easy to Use
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Output Devices
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Output
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CRT
LCD
Printers
Plotters
Voice output
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Output Technology Trends
First
Generation
Second
Generation
Third
Generation
Punched
Card
Printed Reports
and Documents
Punched
Cards
Printed Reports
and Documents
Printed Reports
and Documents
Video Displays
Fourth
Generation
Fifth
Generation
Video Displays
Video Displays
Voice Responses
Audio Responses
Hyperlinked
Printed Reports
Multimedia
and Documents
Documents
Trend: Towards Output Methods that Communicate Naturally,
Quickly, and Clearly
Thursday, January 20, 2000
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Computer Hardware:
Managerial Issues
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Choosing the “right” computer systems for
your business
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How often and when to purchase / upgrade
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Vertically integrated or distributed or hybrid
Mainframe or Midrange or Micro
Industry standards
Evolution potential
Integration potential
Balancing cost, speed, capacity, reliability,
security
Thursday, January 20, 2000
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Guidelines for IT Exercise #1
and Grading Criteria
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FrontPage should be used to create a “web”
and navigation structure for your team’s home
page and links
All pages in your team’s web should have a
similar look and feel, including the individual
pages, tech report, and case analyses
Web pages will be evaluated for:
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Thursday, January 20, 2000
Design and appearance (consistency,
attractiveness, etc.)
Functionality
Individual (5%), team (5%)
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Team Formation and Assigned
Presentation Date
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Forming teams
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4-6 team members on a team
Choose a team captain, web master, and
team name
Complete team form and submit to me
Assigning a Presentation Date for
Team Tech Byte
Thursday, January 20, 2000
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Team Directory Account
Directions
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Email Alberto Espinosa ([email protected])
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Move your team’s web pages to andrew server
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Use FTP (file transfer protocol) to transfer your files to
your team’s assigned account ##
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to get your team’s account number on andrew server (i.e., 01, 02,
03, etc.)
to get write access privileges (for team captain and web master)
/afs/andrew/course/45/870/team##, where ## refers to your
assigned account (i.e., 01, 02, etc.)
View your pages on andrew at:
http://www.gsia.cmu.edu/andrew/course/45/870/team##/index.htm
Thursday, January 20, 2000
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Web Page Design &
Development
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WWW Basics
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Hypertext markup language (HTML)
Hyperlinks
Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)
Web page design
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Thursday, January 20, 2000
Planning and Designing Effective Web
Pages
FrontPage Use & Tips (Demo)
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WWW Basics: HTML
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Hypertext markup language (HTML)
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Tags and attributes
Browser
Page
HTML generators and/or hand coding
HTML
Thursday, January 20, 2000
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Web Browsers and Servers
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Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP)
Common Gateway Interface (CGI) scripts
Hyperlinks
Uniform resource locators (URL)
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Absolute vs. relative
Elements:
http://www.microsoft.com/products/yourproduct.htm/#information
Thursday, January 20, 2000
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Planning & Designing a Web
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What’s a “web”?
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Collection of home page, associated pages,
graphics, documents, multimedia, other
files
Designing a web
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Draw an organization chart of your web
pages
Decide on a navigation structure
Choose a design for your web pages
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Example of Web Structure for
IT Exercise #1
Team Home Page
Member Pages
Tech Byte Page
Individual 1 Individual 2 Individual 3 Individual 4 Individual 5
Thursday, January 20, 2000
Case Analyses Pages Final IT Exercise Page
Case 1
Case 2
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Elements of Good Web Design
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Focus
Consistency
Efficiency
Navigation
Portability
Maintenance
Feedback
Thursday, January 20, 2000
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