Transcript Welcome to Cisco Academy - YSU Computer Science & Information

Welcome to Cisco Academy
Chapter 1
Introduction to Networking
Objectives
• Understand Safety Rules
• Provide common knowledge base
– PC Hardware
• Build bridge between understanding of PC
hardware and Networks similarities
• Develop understanding of Boot Process
• Appreciate importance of Networks
• Identify network characteristics
• Introduce Binary Numbering System
• Appreciate importance of Bandwidth
Specific Objectives & Tasks
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Identify four primary components of PC architecture
Identify PC subsystem components
Install a NIC
Configure PC for different network types
Develop understanding of Binary Number System
Convert Decimal to Binary & Binary to Decimal
Identify units of Information
Be able to discuss need for Networks
Be able to identify Network Devices
Use analogies to understand bandwidth
PC Components
•
•
•
•
•
Transistor – amplifies or opens/closes circuit
IC – does specific task; contains transistors
Capacitor – stores energy in electrostatic field
Connector – plugs into a port or interface
LED – semiconductor device that emits light
PC Components
Interfaces
Memory
CPU
Storage
Keyboard/Mouse
Serial/Parallel Port
NIC
Monitor
RAM
ROM
FLASH
EPROM
ALU
O/S Supervisor
Hard Disk
Diskette
CD-ROM
ZIP
Bus
Bus
Bus
Bus
Bus
Bus
Boot Processes
• Boot Instructions – stored in ROM until used
• Software Applications – stored in RAM after
loading
• RAM and ROM – talk to CPU through the bus
• Saved Information – flows from RAM to storage
device
• Exported Information – flows from RAM through
bus to external device such as the printer
Web Browsers and Plug-Ins
• IE
– Integrated with other MS products
– Takes up more disk space
– Uses, does e-mail, file transfers
• Communicator
– First popular browser
– Takes less disk space
– Same as IE
Popular Plug-Ins
•
•
•
•
•
Flash/Shockwave Player
Adobe Acrobat Reader
Windows Media Player
Quicktime
Real Player
Stop
• Do Lab
NIC
• Network Interface Card
– printed circuit board that provides network
communication capabilities to and from a personal
computer
• A.K.A. LAN Adapter
– Can be designed for Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI
(IMPORTANT)
• Requires:
– IRQ, I/O Address, Upper Memory address in Win
95,98, NT
Network Card Selection Criteria
• Type of Network
– Ethernet, FDDI, Token Ring
• Type of Media
– Twisted Pair, Fiber Optic, Coaxial Cable
• Type of Bus
– PSI or ISA or PCMCIA (lap top)
• Half duplex or full duplexing
• 10 mbs or 100 mbs
TCP/IP Configuration
Stop
• Do Lab
Binary
• Decimal System
– Base 10
0123456789
• Binary System
– Base 2
0
1
• Computer works in Binary
– Two states - On/Off; Current/No Current
– Computer translates from decimal to binary and from
binary to decimal
• NOTE: ASCII is a binary code
Units of Information
B= bytes; b = bits
Bit (0,1)
b
Byte
B
Binary
Digit
1 bit
1 bit
On/Off
Op/Clos
Letter or
number
8 bits
1 byte
8 bits
Kilobyte
KB
1,024
bytes
Approx
Approx
1000 bytes 8000 bits
10-page
report = 10
KB
Megabyte
MB
Gigabyte
GB
1,024 KB
1 million
bytes
8 million
bits
Floppy =
1.4 MB
1,024 MB
1 billion
bytes
8 billion
bits
Hard drive
= 8 GB
Stop
• Do Lab
Binary
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
2**9
2**8
2**7
2**6
2**5
2**4
2**3
2**2
2**1
2**0
32
16
8
4
2
1
512 256 128 64
Decimal
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
10**9 10**8 10**7 10**6 10**5 10**4 10**3 10**2 10**1 10**0
1B
100 M
10 M
1M
100000
10000
1000
100
10
1
Stop
• Do Lab
Terms to Know
• Bit
a 0 or 1 – a Binary digiT
• Byte
8 bits – approximately 1 character
• KB, MB, GB, TB, kbps, kBps, Mbps
– All measures of storage
• Hz, MHz, GHz
– All measures of computer operation - cycles
Networks
• A network is an entity - an intricately
connected system of objects or people.
• Networks are all around us, even inside us.
• Your own nervous system and
cardiovascular system are networks.
• There can several types of networks
• Think of some
Networks Accomplish Many
Tasks
• Avoid duplication of equipment and
resources
• Allow us to communicate efficiently
• Enable us to manage computing resources
• Support shared resources
Network Types
• LAN
– Building, Campus (group of building)
• MAN
– Metropolitan Area
• WAN
– Entire world – can even include outer space
IP Addressing
• IP address is used to identify PC to network (at
layer 3 of OSI model)
• IP address is used to send traffic over WAN
• IP address is usually in dotted decimal format
(does not have to be)
– 123.122.234.255
– In binary 01111011.01111010.11101010.11111111
– In hex 7B 7A EA FF
Subnet Masking
• Used with IP address to determine which
LAN to use to send packet on its way
• Takes form of
– 255.255.0.0
– 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
• Router uses ANDING to determine which
LAN is associated with the IP address
– ANDING is a BOOLEAN Algebra process
ANDING
• IP address is 10.10.0.26
• Subnet mask is 255.255.0.240
• Anding
–
–
–
–
00001010.00001010.00000000.00011010
11111111.11111111.00000000.11110000
00001010.00001010.00000000.00010000
10.10.0.16
• Host 10.10.0.26 is a member of LAN 10.10.0.16
LAN Characteristics
• Operate within a limited geographic area
• Allow multiple access to high bandwidth
media
• Control private (autonomous) networks
• Provide full-time connectivity to local
services
• Connect physically adjacent devices
WANS
• Operate over wide geographic areas
• Allow access over serial interfaces
operating at lower speeds
• Provide full-time and part-time connectivity
• Connect devices located over wide
geographic areas
• WANS connect LANS
Bandwidth
• Measure of how much information can flow
from one place to another in a given amount
of time
• Two types – digital and analog
• Cisco course deals with digital bandwidth
• Measured in BITS (b) per second
Analogies for Bandwidth
• Pipe line
– Bandwidth is pipes
– Network devices are valves; fittings; packet is water
• Highway
– Bandwidth is lanes
– Packets are vehicles; network devices are signals, on
ramps, etc.
• Audio Systems
– Network devices are telephones, CD-ROMS
– Packets are music
Bandwidth is Important
• It is finite
• It can save money
• It is key measure of network design and
performance
• It is key to understanding Internet
• The demand for it increases constantly
Throughput
• The formula is Estimated Time = Size of
File / Bandwidth
• Throughput is always less than Bandwidth
• Bandwidth is used to design networks
• Throughput is used to evaluate network
performance
Media
• Coaxial Cable
– 50 ohm and 75 ohm
• Twisted Pairs
– Shielded and Unshielded
• Fiber Optics
– Single Mode and Multi Mode (62.5/125)
• Wireless