Transcript COMP 268 Computer Organization and

COMP 268
Computer Organization and Assembly Language
A Brief History of
Computing Architecture
Figure 1-2. A six-level computer.
Steps needed to run Fortran program (circa 1960)
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Retrieve the FORTRAN compiler card deck from the cabinet, place it in the card
reader, and push the start button.
Place the card deck containing the FORTRAN source file program in the card
reader and push the continue button.
When the computer pauses, feed the FORTRAN source file into the card reader
for the 2nd pass.
If there are no errors, the compiler will punch the “compiled” program on a new
card deck. If the compiler does detect 1 or more errors, you will have to make
the necessary corrections to your FORTRAN program and return to step 1.
Once you have a “compiled” program that is free of syntax errors, feed it into
the card reader along with the data card deck and the subroutine library deck that
is available in the cabinet.
If the program works successfully, the output will be printed on paper. If there is
a run-time error, a core dump will be printed instead. If you receive a core
dump, you will need to take it home and find the error in your program. Once
the errors have been corrected begin again with step 1.
Sample FORTRAN job for early operating systems
Computer Generations
0th Generation – Mechanical
Computers (1642 – 1940)
Charles Babbage - Difference Engine and Analytical
Engine
Konrad Zuse – Electronic relays in 1930’s
Alan Turing – BOMBE in Great Britain (1940)
1st Generation – Vacuum Tubes
(1940 – 1955)
Tommy Flowers – Colossus in Great Britain (1943)
John Atanasoff – ABC computer at Iowa State Coll.
John Mauchley & J. Presper Eckert – ENIAC at MIT
(1945) Univac I (1951)
John von Neumann – “stored program concept” &
the EDSAC
2nd Generation – Transistors (1955 –
1965)
Kenneth Olsen - PDP-1 & PDP-8
IBM’s 7094
Seymour Cray and CDC’s 6600
3rd Generation – Integrated Circuits
(1965 – 1980)
IBM’s System/360
DEC’s PDP-11
4th Generation – VLSI (1980 - ??)
Alan Turing
ENIAC - background
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Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
Eckert and Mauchly
University of Pennsylvania
Trajectory tables for weapons
Started 1943
Finished 1946
– Too late for war effort
• Used until 1955
ENIAC - details
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Decimal (not binary)
20 accumulators of 10 digits
Programmed manually by switches
18,000 vacuum tubes
30 tons
15,000 square feet
140 kW power consumption
5,000 additions per second
John Mauchly
J. Presper Eckert
von Neumann/Turing
• Stored Program concept
• Main memory storing
programs and data
• ALU operating on binary data
• Control unit interpreting
instructions from memory and
executing
• Input and output equipment
operated by control unit
John von Neumann
Structure of von Neumann machine
Commercial Computers
• 1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer
Corporation
• UNIVAC I (1951)
• Became part of Sperry-Rand Corporation
• Late 1950s - UNIVAC II
IBM
• Punched-card processing
equipment
• 1953 - the IBM 701
Thomas Watson, Sr & IBM 701
– IBM’s first stored program
computer
– Scientific calculations
• 1955 - the IBM 702
– Business applications
Keypunch Machine
Transistors
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Replaced vacuum tubes
Smaller
Cheaper
Less heat dissipation
Solid State device
Made from Silicon (Sand)
Invented 1947 at Bell Labs
William Shockley et al.
Transistor Based Computers
• Second generation machines
• NCR & RCA produced small transistor
machines
• IBM 7094
• DEC – PDP-1
PDP-1: 2,700 Transistors; 200kHz
Microelectronics
• Literally - “small electronics”
• These can be manufactured using
semiconductor material, such as silicon
• IBM – System 360 (1965)
Moore’s law:
Transistor density doubles every 18 – 24 months
"Transistor Count and Moore's Law - 2011" by Wgsimon