Transcript Computer Confluence 7/e - history-of

ITGS Chapter 1:
Computer history and basics.
Slide 1
Computer Confluence 7/e
Chapter 1
Computing Before Computers
 Charles Babbage (1791-1871)
 19th-century mathematics professor at Cambridge
 The Analytical Engine, Lady Lovelace (1823)
 Mother of all computers, conceived by Charles Babbage
 Could be programmed with punched cards
 Could carry out any calculation to 20 digits of accuracy
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computer Confluence 7/e
Chapter 1
Computing Before Computers
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Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace
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Interpreter and promoter of Babbage’s visionary work
Wrote a plan for using the Analytical Engine to
calculate sequences of Bernoulli numbers
Often called the first computer programmer
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computer Confluence 7/e
Chapter 1
Living without Computers
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Computers are no longer a luxury but rather a
commodity
Computers and their applications are involved in all
aspects of our daily life
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computer Confluence 7/e
Chapter 1
Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea
Every computer in use today follows the basic plan laid out by
Babbage and Lady Lovelace
The computer is an incredibly versatile tool
Can compute your taxes or deploy a missile
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computer Confluence 7/e
Chapter 1
Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea
 All computers take in information called input and give out
information called output
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computer Confluence 7/e
Chapter 1
Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea
(continued)
 The computer's versatility is built upon its:
Hardware: The physical part
Software: The instructions that tells hardware how to
transform the input data (information in a form it can
read) into the necessary output
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computer Confluence 7/e
Chapter 1
Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea
(continued)
The First Real Computers:
1939: Konrad Zuse completed the
first programmable, general-purpose
digital computer
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computer Confluence 7/e
Chapter 1
Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea
(continued)
At about the same time, the British government was assembling
a top-secret team of mathematicians and engineers to crack
Nazi military codes
1943: The team, led by mathematician Alan Turing and others,
completed Colossus, considered by many to be the first electronic
digital computer
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computer Confluence 7/e
Chapter 1
Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea
(continued)
1939: Iowa State University
professor John Atanasoff developed
what could have been the first
electronic digital computer, the
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computer Confluence 7/e
Chapter 1
Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea
(continued)
1944: Thanks to a one million dollar grant from IBM,
Harvard professor Howard Aiken developed the Mark I
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computer Confluence 7/e
Chapter 1
Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea
(continued)
 John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert helped the U.S. effort in World War II
by constructing a machine to calculate trajectory tables for new guns
called ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
 After the war, Mauchly and Eckert started a private company called Sperry
and created UNIVAC I, the first general-purpose commercial computer
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computer Confluence 7/e
Chapter 1
Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea
(continued)
Evolution and Acceleration
Vacuum tubes were used in early computers
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes starting in 1956
By the mid-1960s transistors were replaced by integrated circuits
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computer Confluence 7/e
Chapter 1
Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea
(continued)
Integrated circuits brought:
 Increased reliability
 Smaller size
 Higher speed
 Higher efficiency
 Lower cost
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computer Confluence 7/e
Chapter 1
Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea
(continued)
The Microcomputer Revolution
 1971: The first microprocessor was invented
by Intel engineers
 The microcomputer revolution began in 1970:
Apple
Commodore
Tandy
 Desktop computers haven’t completely replaced big computers, which have
also evolved
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computer Confluence 7/e
Chapter 1
Computers Today: A Brief Taxonomy
Mainframes and Supercomputers
Mainframes
Used by large organizations, such as banks and airlines, for big computing jobs
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computer Confluence 7/e
Chapter 1
Computers Today: A Brief Taxonomy
Supercomputers
For power users who need access to the fastest, most powerful computers made
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computer Confluence 7/e
Chapter 1
Computers Today: A Brief Taxonomy
Servers, Workstations, and PCs
Servers
 Computers designed to provide software and other resources to other computers
over a network
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computer Confluence 7/e
Chapter 1
Computers Today: A Brief Taxonomy
Workstations
 High-end desktop computers with massive computing power used for
high-end interactive applications
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computer Confluence 7/e
Chapter 1
Computers Today: A Brief Taxonomy
PCs: Serve a single user at a time
Common applications include:
 word processing, accounting, gaming,
and enjoying digital music and video
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computer Confluence 7/e
Chapter 1
Computers Today: A Brief Taxonomy
(continued)
Portable Computers: Machines that are not tied to the desktop
Notebooks (laptops)
Handheld computers (PDAs)
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Computer Confluence 7/e
Chapter 1
Computers Today: A Brief Taxonomy
Embedded Computers
 Special-purpose computer: Dedicated computers that perform specific
tasks
Controlling the temperature and humidity
Monitoring your heart rate
Monitoring your house security system
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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