Transcript Slide 1

ENIAC, first US Electronic
Computer, 1946
ENIAC “circuit board”
Intel 4004, 60 kilohertz
The Intel 4004 microprocessor, which was introduced in 1971.
The 4004 contained only 2300 transistors and performed
60,000 calculations per second. Courtesy: Intel.
Babbage’s Differential Engine
(1830)
Pascal’s 1642 Arithmetic Engine
In 1640, Pascal started developing a device to help
his father add sums of money.
The first operating model, the Arithmetic Machine,
was introduced in 1642, and Pascal created fifty more
devices over the next ten years. (In 1658, Pascal
created a scandal when, under the pseudonym of Amos
Dettonville, he challenged other mathematicians to a
contest and then awarded the prize to himself!)
IBM 701
A notable first: The IBM 701
Fifty years ago -- on April 29, 1952 --- IBM President Thomas J.
Watson, Jr., informed his company's stockholders at the annual meeting
that IBM was building "the most advanced, most flexible high-speed
computer in the world." Known as the Defense Calculator while in
development, the new machine emerged from the IBM Poughkeepsie
Laboratory later that year and was formally unveiled to the public on
April 7, 1953 as the IBM 701 Electronic Data Processing Machines.*
What was so special about the 701? Well, a few things. The 701 was a
landmark product because it was:
•The first IBM large-scale electronic computer manufactured in
quantity;
•IBM's first commercially available scientific computer;
•The first IBM machine in which programs were stored in an internal,
addressable, electronic memory;
•Developed and produced in record time -- less than two years from
"first pencil on paper" to installation;
•Key to IBM's transition from punched-card machines to electronic
computers; and
•The first of the pioneering line of IBM 700 series computers,
including the 702, 704, 705 and 709.
Some of the early milestones in
small computers
1975 Bill Gates founded Microsoft
1976 Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak built
the first Apple I
1977 the Apple II came out for $1300
1977 Commadore and the Tandy/Radio
Shack (TRS-80) computers came out
1981 First IBM PC (8088 architecture)
How things change
In 1975, an IBM mainframe computer that could
perform 10,000,000 instructions per second (10
MegaHertz) cost around $10,000,000. In
1995 (only twenty years later), a computer video
game capable of performing 500,000,000 (500
MegaHertz) instructions per second was
available for approximately $500!
In 2006 a 3 GigaHertz processor (3,000,000,000
instructions per second) costs around $1200
A punch card machine, a card reader, and a card…
NASA’s fastest computer
Wed, 27 Oct 2004 NASA unveiled its new
supercomputer on
Tuesday, which took the
lead as the fasted
computer in the world.
Named "Columbia", to
commemorate the space
shuttle, the
supercomputer is built up
from 10,240 Itanium 2
processors, and is
capable of 42.7 teraflops
(trillion calculations per
second).
The fastest computers…
Rank Site (www.top500.org)
Computer Processors/Year/Rmax/ Rpeak
1.
DOE/NNSA/LLNL
United States BlueGene/L - eServer Blue Gene Solution IBM
131072 2005 280600 367,000,000,000,000
2.
IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center
United States BGW - eServer Blue Gene Solution IBM
40960 2005 91290 114,688,000,000,000
3.
DOE/NNSA/LLNL
United States ASC Purple - eServer pSeries p5 575 1.9 GHz IBM
10240 2005 63390 77,824,000,000,000
4.
NASA/Ames Research Center/NAS
United States Columbia - SGI Altix 1.5 GHz, Voltaire Infiniband SGI
10160 2004 51870 60,960,000,000,000
5.
Sandia National Laboratories
United States Thunderbird - PowerEdge 1850, 3.6 GHz, Infiniband Dell
8000 2005 38270 64,512,000,000,000
So the DOE/NNSA/LLNL supercomputer has 131,072 processors
Was built in 2005,
and had a peak performance of 367,000,000,000,000 calculations per second.
Lots of patents
Thomas Edison built
an “invention factory”
to turn out a new
invention every 10
days.
At one point he and
his company received
a new patent every 5
days for 4 straight
years!
Edison received 1093
patents
A patent is a legal
way of protecting your
ideas
Founder of FIRST
(For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and
Technology)
150 patents
Founded FIRST
Developed the Segway
“people transporter”
Developed a wheel chair
that could climb stairs
Developed a kidney
dialysis machine the size
of a suitcase.
Computers in Everything
Can you list some places that computers
(even if they don’t look like computers)
could be found in your home, school, or
local stores?
Computers everywhere
House
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Alarm systems
Phones
Microwaves
Refrigerators
Heating/cooling systems
DVD players/iPods
Televisions
Computers
Printers
Radios
Water, gas, electric meters
Cars
Elevator controls
Traffic signal controls
Telecommunications
Mail sorting at the Post
Office
GPS (global positioning
systems)
Weather stations
Network systems