Transcript Rethinking Lithium Energy Storage and Battery Architecture

Rethinking Lithium Energy Storage
and Battery Architecture
Roland Pitts
Founding Scientist
Planar Energy Devices
Orlando, FL 32805
Compare specific and power
Ragone Chart
10000
1000 Hour Discharge
100 Hour Discharge
0.01C Rate
1 Hour Discharge
10 Hour Discharge
0.1C Rate
Specific Energy (Wh/kg)
1000
Planar solid state
projection
0.1 Hour Discharge
10C Rate
Standard Lithium ion
100
Ni-Cd
10
0.01 Hour Discharge
100C Rate
Lead Acid
0.001 Hour Discharge
1000C Rate
1
1
10
100
Specific Power (W/kg)
1000
10000
Solid-state batteries change the game in
energy storage
 Eliminate liquid electrolytes, fillers, and binders
 Allows safe use of high energy electrodes
 Achieves 2X energy density and specific energy
 Reduce cost by new process technology
 New batteries in market near term (2-3 y)
 Revolutionary concepts in the future (10-20 y)
Process innovation yields cost reduction
Why are battery improvements important?
 Increase human mobility and connectivity
 Safety, emergency and back-up power
 Provide strategic energy sources
 Improve energy efficiency (transportation)
 Provide increased stability for the electric grid
 Shift delivery time for renewable energy
What is the state of the art?
During use (discharge)
ions move from anode to
cathode
Figure courtesy C. Daniel JOM Vol. 60, No.9 pp. 43-48, 2008
Progress in Li-ion has been slow
 Progress has historically followed an evolutionary
route, single component improvement
 Chemistries limited
 Cycle life and shelf life limited
 Safety of current batteries must be managed by
external devices (Battery Management System)
 Cost too high for many applications
How can we break this paradigm?
 Revise the battery architecture
 Eliminate inactive materials
 Eliminate the polymer separator
 Eliminate reactive materials and replace with stable,
high performance materials
 Engineer material interfaces to minimize resistance and
promote ion transfer
 Change fabrication process technology
 Do it all at the same time
What are short and long term implications
of this strategy?
 Expect 2X improvement in energy density, specific
energy, and cycle life in 2-3 years
 Side benefits of much improved safety and 50%
reduction in cost to manufacture per kWh
 Leads to a 4X reduction in cost of energy storage
 In the 10-20 year horizon, look for 4 − 5 X improvement
in energy density, specific energy, and cycle life
How can this be done? (2-3 y)
 Change in architecture to solid-state batteries greatly
improves battery performance
 First step is a hybrid, solid-state anode and separator with
minimal liquid electrolyte (prototypes in test)
 Second step is migration to full solid-state architecture
 Change in process technology reduces cost.
 Modified chemical bath deposition efficiently produces
active layers of the battery in single steps, enabling rollto-roll processing
What is the process innovation?
 Use a modified chemical bath deposition technique to
grow all active layers from primary chemicals
 Grow semiconductor quality films, layer by layer,
rapidly, and with great control of the chemistry
 Films are conformal and pinhole free
 Some rapid thermal processing required
 Process designed for roll-to-roll fabrication.
What is the process now?
In Line
Scalable Batch Pilot
Batch Pilot
Process
Development
VP SP Gen 3 – Q4 2010
VP SP Gen 2 – Q3 2010
VP SP Gen 1 – Q1 2010
VP SP Gen 0 - 2009
What do the films look like?
Composite Cathodes
Thick Film Self Assembled
50-200 Micron
LiCo2, LiMnxAlxOx, CuS … ++
thio-Lisicon Separator
Self Assembled Film
Grown Directly on Cathode
5-7 Micron – 10-4 S/cm
What will it look like in the future?
Where are we in 2-3 years?
 Li batteries with 2X specific energy, energy density, and
cycle life
 Much improved safety, 50% reduction in cost, moving
toward longer cycle life (10X)
What else in 10-20 years?
 Li-air, Li-S, Zn-air, Mg-ion
 Another leap of 2X in specific energy, energy density
Comparisons
Theoretical Max
Courtesy: Dave Danielson
DOE (ARPA –E)
Specific Energy (Wh/kg)
Comparisons at vehicle systems level
Factor engine and gas weight
and Carnot efficiency
Courtesy: Dave Danielson
DOE (ARPA –E)
Specific Energy (Wh/kg)
Batteries
have the
to rival
the the
energy
density
FACT: Batteries
havepotential
the potential
to rival
energy
density
of gasoline
gasolinepowered
powered
vehicles
a system
vehicles
onon
a system
levellevel
Courtesy: Dave Danielson
DOE (ARPA –E)
Specific Energy (Wh/kg)
Thank You!
Contact:
Roland Pitts
Planar Energy, Inc.
653 W Michigan St
Orlando, FL 32805
407-459-1442 (direct)
[email protected]