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The Seventh Chapter Ultrasonic Sensor
This chapter main study ultrasonic
wave's physical property,
understands the ultrasonic wave
emphatically in examination
technology some applications, also
involves the lossless crack detection
the equipment and the method.
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Overview: the
classification of
acoustic
1. the infrasonic
wave
The infrasonic wave is the frequency is lower than 20
hertz sound waves, the person ear does not hear, but may have
resonating with the human organs, the 7~8Hz infrasonic wave
will cause person's terrorist feeling, the movement is
uncoordinated, will cause the heart stop.
2. may hear the sound wave
The wonderful music may cause
the human to be infatuated with.
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3.ultrasonic
wave
The bat
can send
out and
hear the
ultrasonic
wave.
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Rely on the ultrasonic bat predation
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The ultrasonic wave with may hear
the sound wave to be different, it
may focus, has the energy
centralized characteristic.
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Ultrasonic
wave humidifier
Ultrasonic wave
atomizer
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The piezoelectric
ceramics or the
magnetostriction
material under the high
voltage narrow impulse
action, may obtain
compare the high
efficiency the ultrasonic
wave, may focus, can use
in the integrated circuit
and the plastic welding.
Ultrasonic wave plastic welding apparatus
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Ultrasonic
wire
welding
machine
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After the ultrasonic wave focuses, has the good
directivity, when meets two medium the interface, can
have the obvious reflection and the refraction effect,
this phenomenon is similar to the light wave.
The portable
ultrasonic wave
searches the fish
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Ultrasonic wave in medical
check-up application/
Ultrasound examination in the
medical application
Fetal Bimage
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Ultrasonic cleaning for high-performance
When strong acoustic signal function in liquid, will then have
certain positive pressure to the liquid, namely the liquid
volume reduces reduces, in the liquid will form the small air
bubble is crushed.
Each air bubble's breakage can produce the energy
enormous shock-wave, is equal in instantaneous has several
hundred degrees high temperatures and reaches as high as
over a thousand atmospheric pressure the pressures, this kind
of phenomenon was called that it “the cavitation”, the
ultrasonic cleaning is precisely uses the shock-wave which in
the liquid the air bubble collapse produces to achieve inside
and outside the clean and the washout work piece the
superficial function.
The supersonic clean uses in professions much and so on
semiconductor, machinery, glass, medical instrument.
The ultrasonic cleaning principle and the purifier (refer to Hunan Province
Liuyang Medical Instrument Factory, Beijing Germany peaceful prosperous
technological progress Limited liability company material)
Air bubble
Clean goods
Wave
Ultrasonic
transducer
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The First Section Basic ultrasound physics
The frequency is higher than 20kHz the mechanical
vibration wave to be called the ultrasonic wave. Its
directive property is very good, the energy is centralized,
therefore the penetrating power is big, can penetrate
several meter thick steel plate, but the energy loss is not
big. When meets two medium the interface (e.g. steel plate
and air interface), can have the obvious reflection and the
refraction effect, the ultrasonic wave frequency is higher,
its sound field directive property is better.
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Ultrasonic wave-type classification
The ultrasonic wave propagation modes mainly may
divide into the longitudinal wave, the transversal
wave, the surface wave and so on several kinds.
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Long
itudi
nal
wave
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Transversal wave
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Surface wave
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The Second Section
Ultrasound transducer and coupling technology
The ultrasonic wave transducer calls the ultrasonic wave probe
head. The ultrasonic wave transducer's principle of work has the
piezoelectricity type, the magnetostriction type, electromagnetic and
so on several kinds, mainly uses the piezoelectricity type in the
examination technology. The ultrasonic wave probe head divides
into the straight probe head, the slanting probe head, the double
probe head, the surface wave probe head, to focus the probe head,
the flushing water probe head, the water immersion probe head, the
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high temperature probe head, the air conduction probe head as well18
as other special-purpose probe heads and so on.
Each kind of ultrasonic wave probe head
The contact straight
(below refers to Changzhou often ultra check- probe head (longitudinal
wave normal incidence
out facility Limited company material)
to is examined medium)
Commonly used frequency range:
0.5~10MHz, common chip diameter:
Protective
5~30mm
film
The outer covering with
the metal manufacture,
the protective film with
degree of hardness very
high anti-friction material
manufacture, prevents the
piezo-electric crystal plate
attrition.
Connector
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Contact
straight probe
head principle
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Supersonic pulse
voltage input end
Ground
terminal
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Contact angle probe (transversal wave, Lr or Lamb wave
probe head)
Connector
Base antifriction material
The piezo-electric crystal plate glue in becomes certain
angle with the bottom and so on) on plexiglass
slantingsurface (for example 30 degree, 45 degrees
voussoir, when slanting voussoir and the different material
was measured when the medium (test sample) contacts, the
ultrasonic wave will have certain angle refraction, the
inclined incidence to the test sample, may produce reflects
many times, but disseminates compares the distant place.
A variety of contact angle probe
Useful frequency range: 1~5MHz
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Direct contact method
double-crystal probe
Launches
the chip
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Receives
the chip
Two unit crystal probe head
combination assembly in
identical shell, a piece of launch
ultrasonic wave, another piece of
receive ultrasonic wave. Between
two chips is strong with a sound
absorption performance, the
insulating ability good thin slice
isolates. Although twin crystal
probe head's structure complex,
but the examination precision is
straight the probe head the unit
crystal to be higher than, and the
supersonic signal's reflection and
the receive control circuit is
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simple.
A variety of double-crystal straight probe
Focal distance scope: 5~40mm, frequency range:
2.5~5MHz, Steel angle of refraction: 45
degrees ~70 degrees
The contact process twin crystal slanting
probe head (continues)
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Flooding probe
(available running water
takes pair mixture)
The choice
acoustic lens
shape, may
decide the
focusing form
for the point
focusing or the
line focusing.
Focused probe
Because the ultrasonic wave length is very short (a
millimeter magnitude), therefore its also similar
light wave, may focus the very thin sound beam, its
diameter may slightly to 1mm about, be possible to
distinguish in the test sample the tiny flaw, this kind
of probe head is called focuses the probe head.
Focuses the probe head to use the surface chip to
send out the focusing the ultrasonic wave; May also
use two kind of different sonic speeds the plastics to
manufacture the acoustic lens; May also use the
similar optics reflector the principle manufacture
sound concave mirror to focus the ultrasonic wave.
Focus on theory and shape probe
Water
immersion
focusing
probe head
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Ultrasonic probe of the piezoelectric ceramic chip
Adds to the piezo-electric crystal plate several hundred volt
supersonic electricity pulses, uses the counter piezoelectric effect,
causes the chip to launch the duration very short supersonic
vibration wave. When the ultrasonic wave after was measured
when the reflection returns to the piezo-electric crystal plate, the
use piezoelectric effect, transforms the mechanical vibration wave
Piezoelectric ceramic of the main performance
indicators
 1) Dielectric constant:1000~6000
 2) Piezoelectric sensitivityD33: 300~600pC/N
 3) Mechanical quality factor Q:100~2000
 4) Curie temperature: 300~400 C
 5) Electrostatic capacity: 1000 ~ 100000pF
(and area related)
 6) Frequency range:
 Uses in the atomizer: 1~2MHz
 Uses in the crack detector and the flowmeter:
2.5~5MHz
 Uses in the supersonic clean: 30~100KHz
Coupling
agent
The supersonic probe head with when measures the
object contact, the probe head with is measured between
the object surface to exist an air thin layer, the air will
cause between three contact surfaces the intense disorderly
reflected wave, creates the disturbance, and creates the
very big weaken. Therefore, must push aside the contact
face between air
In the industry, uses the pair mixture frequently, causes it
to fill in the contact layer, plays the transmission ultrasonic
wave the role. The commonly used pair mixture has the
running water, the machine oil, the glycerine, the sodium
Air ultrasonic probe


1- outer coverings 2- gauze cover 3- cone-shape resonating plate 4piezo-electric crystal plates 5- pins 6- impedance matching units 7ultrasonic beams
a) supersonic launcher b) supersonic receiver
The air supersonic probe head
(continues)
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Air supersonic probe
head contour
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The air supersonic probe head
contour (continues)
Air conduction ultrasonic wave electricity pulse
generator
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The Third Section Ultrasonic Sensor's Application
When the supersonic launcher and the receiver put in
separately measures the both sides, this type is called the
transmission. The transmission may use in the remote
control, the burglar alarm, the proximity switch and so on.
The supersonic launcher and the receiver put in with the
side belong to the reflection, the reflection may use in the
proximity switch, the range finder, measuring that the
fluid position or the thing position, the flaw detection as
well as measure and so on thick.
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Ultrasonic sensor application example
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Application of ultrasonic sensors, for example
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Application of ultrasonic sensors
质量检查
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Fastener's installment error
detection
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Application of ultrasonic sensors
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Folds puts the
leveling
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Application of ultrasonic sensors
Thing laying aside
error detection
Application of ultrasonic sensors
Transparent plastic
tensity control
Application of ultrasonic sensors
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Manipulator
localization
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Application of
ultrasonic sensors
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Paper volume diameter
examination
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Application of ultrasonic sensors
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Smoothness
survey
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Application of
ultrasonic sensors
Ultra long
distance
examination
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Application of
ultrasonic sensors
Assembly
line counting
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First, ultrasonic wave flowmeter/ Ultrasonic Flowmeter
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The F1 launch's ultrasonic wave arrives at
T1 first
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Flow measurement principles of classification
Time method of difference survey current capacity
principle: In was measured that the pipeline upstream and
downstream on certain distance, installs two pair of
ultrasonic wave launches and the receive probe head
separately (F1, T1), (F2, T2), the F1, T1 ultrasonic wave is the
afloat dissemination, but the F2, T2 ultrasonic wave is the
adverse current dissemination. Because these two bunches
of ultrasonic waves in the liquid propagation velocity's
difference, survey two t, may obtainreceive on the probe
head ultrasonic propagation time difference the fluid
average velocity and the current capacity.
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The F1 launch's ultrasonic wave
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arrives at F2 the time to be short
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Frequency difference flow measurement principle:
F1, F2 are the identical supersonic probe heads, installs outside the
pipe wall, through electronic switching's control, takes the ultrasonic
wave launcher and the receiver alternately uses. First launches the
first supersonic pulse by F1, it through pipe wall, fluid and another
one side pipe wall by the F2 receive, this signal after enlargement
triggers F1 once more driving circuit, causes F1 to launch the second
sound pulse. Then launches the supersonic pulse by F2, but F1 makes
the receiver, may obtain F1 the pulse rate is f1. Likewise may obtain
F2 the pulse rate is f2. Afloat transmitting frequency f1 and adverse
current transmitting frequency f 2 frequency difference f with was
measured that the speed of flow v is proportional.
F1
F2
The launch, receives the probe head also to be possible to
install in pipeline's same one side
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With side type ultrasonic wave flowmeter's use
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Ultrasonic wave flowmeter field use
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Ultrasonic wave
flowmeter field
use
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Ultrasonic wave Doppler surveys the vehicle
speed
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Doppler effect
Direction of advance's
frequency elevates
If between the wave
source and the viewer has
the relative motion, then
the viewer receives the
frequency and the wave
source frequency is not
same, this kind of
phenomenon is called the
Doppler effect.
Determines f to be
possible to obtain the
velocity of movement.
Ultrasonic Distance Measurement
Wind
The different wind
direction causes the
ultrasonic wave
frequency The fillout or changes is
small
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Ultrasonic Distance Measurement
The air supersonic probe head launch supersonic pulse, arrives
when measures the thing, is reflected, and is received by the
another air supersonic probe head. Determines from the launch
ultrasonic wave pulse time t which needs to the receive ultrasonic
wave pulse, is multiplied by the air sonic speed again (340m/s), is
the supersonic pulse in was measured that is away from distance
which experiences, divides 2 obtains the distance.
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The ultrasonic wave measures thick
When the twin crystal straight probe head's piezo-electric
crystal plate launch ultrasonic vibration pulse, the supersonic
pulse arrives at the test sample bottom surface, is reflected, and
is received by another piezo-electric crystal plate. So long as
determines from the launch ultrasonic wave pulse time t which
needs to the receive ultrasonic wave pulse, is multiplied by again
was measured that body's sonic speed constant c, is the
supersonic pulse, in was measured in experiences being away
from back and forth, divides again 2, obtains thickness.
1
  ct
2
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7 - 5
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Handhold ultrasonic thickness tester gauge
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Handhold
ultrasonic
thickness tester
gauge
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Handhold ultrasonic
thickness tester gauge
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The steel
work
measures
thick
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An ultrasonic thickness
indicators












Display packing ∶128*32 LCD
Lattice liquid crystal display (belt
back light)
Demonstrates the figure: Four
Measuring range: 0.8~200mm
Indication accuracy: 0.1mm
Sonic speed scope: 1000 ~ 9999m/s
Measurement cycle: 2/seconds
Automatic shutdown time : 90
seconds
Power source: Two seven (AAA)
battery, continuous working many in
72 hours
Application temperature: - 10°C ~
40°C
Weight: 230g (including battery)
External dimensions: 108x61x25mm
Memory temperature: - 20°C ~
70°C
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The ultrasonic wave
measured that thick
(continues)
The stone material
measures thick
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The ultrasonic wave
handhold measures thick
The lumber
measures
thick
The
concretes
measure
thick
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The violin
lumber
measures
thick
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The twin crystal ultrasonic wave measures the thick
probe head
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The twin crystal ultrasonic wave measured that the
thick probe head (continues)
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Ultrasonic measurement fluid position and thing
position principle
Installs the air conduction
supersonic launcher and the
receiver above the fluid pot,
according to the ultrasonic wave
round-trip time, is observable the
liquid liquid level.
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Ultrasonic wave
liquidometer
According to demonstration profile
computation fluid position
principle
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1- liquid level 2- ascending pipe 3- air
supersonic probe head 4- reflection
platelet 5- electronic switching
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Ultrasonic measurement fluid
position and thing position
Horn
supersonic
generator
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Supersonic burglar alarm
In the chart upper half divides into the transmission
circuit, the lower part divides into the accepting circuit.
The launcher launches about frequency f=40kHz the
ultrasonic wave. If some person of incoming signal's
coverage, the relative velocity is v, will reflect receiver's
ultrasonic wave from the human body as a result of the
Doppler effect, but will have frequency deviation f.
The Fourth Section
Nondestructive testing



First,
The basic concept of
nondestructive testing
The people in use each material
(particularly metallic material)
in the long-term practice,
observes the massive break
phenomenon, it once brought
many disaster accidents to the
humanity. Involves the ships,
the airplane, the axis class, the
pressure vessel, the
astronavigation, the atomic
device and so on.
Rail break
The lossless crack detection has three kind of
meanings generally
Non-destructive
Tsting),
inspects
Inspection)
and
inspection NDT
NDI
lossless
appraises
(Nondestructive
(Nondestructive
NDE
lossless
(Nondestructive Evaluation). NDT merely examines the
flaw; NDI take the NDT result as determination
foundation; But NDE is to was measured that the object
the integrity, reliable and so on carries on the quality
synthetic evaluation. In recent years, lossless crack
detection already gradually from NDT to the NDE
transition.
Lossless crack detection method
Has the puncture test and the lossless crack detection to
the flaw examination method. Because the lossless crack
detection take does not damage is examined the object as a
premise, therefore obtains the widespread application.
Non-destructive inspection's method has the magnetic
powder to examine the law, the electricity vortex method, the
fluorescence dyeing osmosis process, the radioactive rays (x
light, neutron) to photograph the examination law, the
ultrasonic wave flaw detection and so on.
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Magnetic Particle
Testing Method
Magnetic
liquid
Magnetic powder
instrumentation
Measured X light generator alignment the
position, pastes the photographic plate at the back
of the object, after the human leaves, passes the
high-voltage, flushes again the photographic plate
the phantom, then observes the flaw.
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X light
crack
detection
Measured X light generator alignment the
position, pastes the photographic plate at the back of
the object, after the human leaves, passes the highvoltage, flushes again the photographic plate the
phantom, then observes the flaw.
The computer fault image formation technology (CT) crack detection
(refers to China Engineering Physics Academy application Institute of
electronics material)
CT is based on the
beam and the material
interaction principle, is
examined through the
projection
reconstruction method
gain the object the
digital image, solved the
traditional X-ray
photomounting
phantom to overlap, the
density resolution low
status shortcoming.
CT imaging detection (refers to China Engineering Physics
Academy application Institute of electronics material)
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Ultrasonic
Inspection
The ultrasonic testing
is the present
application very
widespread lossless
crack detection
method. It both may
examine the material
surface the flaw, and
may examine the
internal several meter
deep flaw, this is the
depth which X light
crack detection cannot
achieve.
Crack
A-type
Ultrasonic
Flaw Detector
A-type ultrasonic flaw detection
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A ultrasonic testing
Work
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piece
Flaw the primary wave flaw
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reflection wave base wave
Rail Inspection Car
Skateboard-type probe
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Rail flaw
detection
wheels
Rail roller used to detect probe
(also known as the wheeled
probe)
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Rail Inspection Car (continued)
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Rail Inspection Car (continued)
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High-Speed Rail Inspection Car
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Rail probe
Flaw Welded joint
Railway Rail Weld
detection using
probe
The railroad rail
examination uses
the slide-vane
probe head
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Pipeline girth weld
Ultrasonic testing
device
Pipeline girth weld
ultrasonic testing
device
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Ultrasonic Flaw
Detector
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Component UT
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Ultrasonic
flaw detection
components
(continued)
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Ultrasonic flaw
detection components
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Echo probe pulse shape
and spectrum envelope
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Calculation of
ultrasonic
flaw detection
Set up: the X-axis
display for 10 s/ div
(Georgia), is measured
by B-wave and T wave
distance of 6 cells, Fwave and T wave
distance of 2 grid. Order:
1) t and tF; 2) the
thickness of steel plate 
and distance and surface
defects xF.
Have a rest.
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