Transcript 專題製作執行簡報 - 個人通訊系統實驗室

Logic Circuit Design
Teacher 1：Wei-Ru Lai (賴薇如)
[email protected]
Room: 70812 Telphone: 7330
Teacher 2：Yawgeng Chau(趙耀庚老師)
[email protected]
Text Book and Reference
 Textbook
– M. Morris Mano and Michael D. Ciletti, Digital
Design, 4th edition, Pearson Education.
 Reference book
– Charles H. Roth, Jr., Fundamentals of Logic
Design, 5th edition, West Publishing Co., 1992.
– A First Course in Digital System Design, An
Integrated Approach, John P. Uyemura, Georgia
Institute of Technology. Books/Cole Publishing
Company
Course Time
 A班
– Friday 7,8,9 (14:10 - 17:00)
 B班
– Tuesday 7,8,9 (14:10 - 17:00)
 Classroom: 70205
 Office Hour: Wednesday 13:10-14:30
70812R
Teacher Assistant (1/2)
 黃郁文
– Office: 70831
– Telephone: 7011 – 831
– [email protected]
 廖文豪
– Office: 70826
– Telephone: 7011 – 826
– [email protected]
Teacher Assistant (2/2)
 陳之彥
– Office: 70938
– Telephone: 7011 – 938
– [email protected]
Web Site
 IP address: 140.138.178.54 or
pcs.eed.yzu.edu.tw
– Handout, old examination questions
 Portal
– Information, ex: Time and place of quiz
– Handout, solution of homework
– Discussion
 It’s necessary to watch these web sites.
Course Structure
 Lectures with power points
 Discussions
 Chapter-Based Homework
– Announced in the Web Portal
– Solution will be given later.
 Exams
 邏輯電路實驗 (A:郭李瑞老師,B:高翊展老
師)
Evaluation
 賴薇如老師 50%
– Class Show-Up (4%)
– Tests (8%*3=24%)
– Mid exam (22%)
 趙耀庚老師 50%
– Class Show-up (4%)
– Text (8%*2=16%)
– Final exam (30%)
Requirements for Class
 Take your textbook in class.
 Take notes in class.
 Ask questions if you don’t understand.
 Do your homework by yourself.
 Don’t chat in class.
Esteem your teachers, TAs and classmates.
Change Your Mindset (1/2)
 Adapt yourself to the new environments,
new teachers, and new teaching methods.
 If you have any suggestion, tell me as soon
as possible.
 Read the textbook written in English.
 You should spend a lot of times in this
course.
Change Your Mindset (2/2)
 用功不是不缺席與寫作業而已，還包括
要預習、 複習、 不懂時要肯發問、 寫錯
答案要更正，要學會有效率的學習。
 Find your favorite department.
 Try to achieve the basic requirements of
our departments.
必修主科段考均應嚴格監考
 包括助教在內，要有兩人以上監考。
 隨機排定考試座位表。
 考生桌面只有紙筆等應考物品，手機書包等一律放教
室四周。
 發完考卷後，強調將嚴格監考，發現考試作弊者將一
律依校規退學，並宣讀『誠實考試宣言』如下:
我 (考生簽名)
，秉持誠實考試之原則，在此宣告
本次 XXX 考試，絕對遵守考試規則不作弊，否則願受
最嚴厲之校規處置(退學)！
 在『考試座位表』及『誠實考試宣言』 簽名。
What is About This Course?
Logic Circuit Design
邏輯電路設計在課程中的定位
大一上
大一下
線性
代數
程式
設計
計算機
概論
邏輯電
路設計
微電腦
系統
邏輯電
路實驗
電子學
資料
結構
大二上
大二下
大三上
大三下
數位系統設
計與實驗
微電腦
實驗
VHDL
設計
嵌入式系
統原理及
實驗
大四上
大四下
Logic Circuit Design
 Digital electronic circuits are the engines of
cell phones, MPEG players, digital cameras,
computers, data servers, personal digital
devices, GPS displays, and many other
consumer products that process and use
information in a digital format.
 Logic Circuit Design is an introductory
course for the above industries.
Digital Computer
program
data
Wireless Phone
 RF : Radio Frequency
 AD : Analog-to-Digital
 DA : Digital-to-Analog
 BB : Baseband
 DSP : Digital Signal Processing
 RAM : Random Access Memory
 ROM : Read Only Memory
Analog (類比) vs. Digital (數位)
 Analog system
– The physical quantities or signals may vary
continuously over a specified range.
 Digital system
– The physical quantities or signals can assume
only discrete values.
0 1 2 3 3 0 3 2 3 2 0...
0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0...
Analog Signals (1/2)
 All nature signals are analog.
– Human voice, electromagnetic wave of handset,
photograph, voice sent from handset,
watercolor
 It is intuitive to handle analog signals for
storage, computation, and communication
etc.
Analog Signals (2/2)
 Nature signals are all analog.
 Distortion(失真): the wave is distorted due
to attenuation or noise.
 If an analog signal is distorted, it is difficult
to regenerate a original one.
source
distorted data
Analog or Digital?
 The differences between analog systems
and digital systems are the idea to view and
process the data.
– Analog view: every amplitude is meaningful in
every moment. Every qualify between 0-5V is
meaningful.
– Digital view: only 0 & 1
Digital Signals
 Define a nature signal as 0 or 1.
 We can interpret, store, send/receive or
perform some operations on 0 and 1.
volt
5
4
logic 1
3
0
1
0
1
2
Unknown
1
0
logic 0
Digitalize（數位化）
 Binary system, only 0 &1!
 Try to transfer the nature signal to a series
of 0s and 1s.
– Discrete elements of information are
represented with groups of bits are called
binary codes (i.e., a pattern of 0’s and 1’s).
• Ex: 510=01012
• Ex: A=0100 0001 (41H)
– Therefore, binary system is enough.
Audio System
Analog data
Digital data
Sampling (取樣)
 To achieve some discrete values from the
originally continuous signals is called as
sampling.
 These discrete values are called discrete
signal（離散信號）or samples（取樣點）.
 Sampling rate（取樣頻率）is the times to
achieve discrete signals per second.
– Ex: If we get 8000 samples per second, the
sampling rate is 8000Hz.
Quantization (量化)
 If the length of 0/1 bit stream is finite, the
number of amplitude quantities that can be
represented by these bit streams（referred
to quantization level量化準位）is finite.
 To find a relative level for each sample is
called quantization（量化）.
 The distance between the sample and its
quantization level is called quantization
error（量化誤差）.
Coding (編碼)
 Coding（編碼）： use a series of 0s and 1s
to represent every quantization level.
 Pulse Code Modulation（PCM）used in
PSTN is 8-bit coding and 256 quantization
level.
 The sampling rate is 8KHz. 64,000 bits are
sent per second. That is, the data rate is
64,000bps.
Sampling Theorem (取樣定理)
 Sampling Theorem（取樣定理）or
Nyquist Theorem： Sampling rate must be
twice (or more) of the original data rates.
 For example, the frequency of human voice
is about 300-3400Hz. Then the sampling
rate in PSTN is 8000Hz.
Advantages of Digital Signals
 It is easy to distinguish between 0 and 1
even though the digital signal is distorted.
 Distorted digital signal can be regenerated.
 Special encoding schemes is used for error
detection or error correction
 Encryption can prevent from eavesdropping.
01010011
even parity
0
1
0
1
Accuracy
 Operation in analog systems: the error (i.e.,
distortion) will be accumulated.
– Ex: to compute 6 mV *100=600 mV.
– These is an error 0.1 mV.
– Finally, 5.9mV *100=590 mV
 Operation in digital systems: the error will
not be accumulated.
– Ex: 1102*11001002=1001011002
– Digital systems are capable of greater accuracy.
More and More Digital Systems
 Programmable digital devices
 Dramatic cost reductions
 Reliability of data storage or
communication by using error-correcting
codes
 The interconnection of smaller digital
modules forms a larger system.
Digital System
 A digital system is an electronic network
that manipulates discrete elements of
information represented internally in
binary form.
–
Ex: answer machine, video game, CD
 The work of digital systems
1. Transfer analog signals to digital signals.
2. Perform operations by 0 and 1.
3. Transfer the results to analog signals.
Questions
 How to store 0 and 1 by physical devices?
 How to perform the operations of 0 and 1
by these physical devices?
–
–
–
–
Ex: How to do “1+1=10”?
What is the basic physical devices?
What is the basic digital operation?
Answer: AND, OR, NOT, NOR, NAND and
XOR logic gates.
Switching Devices (1/2)
 Two-state devices: the output can assume
only two different discrete values.
– Example of switching devices: relays, diodes,
transistors.
volt
On
Drain
5
4
Gate
Source
Transistor
logic 1
3
2
Unknown
1
0
logic 0
Off
Switching Devices (2/2)
 Connecting several switching devices may
perform operations of 0 and 1. That is, you
have created a binary system.
 We can use binary system to represent the
circuits made by switching devices.
NAND Gate
A
B
F
0
0
+V
+V
0 +V
+V +V
0 +V
+V 0
Circuit Design
 Circuit design involves specifying the
interconnection of specific components
such as resistors, diodes, and transistors to
form logic gates, flip-flops, or other basic
logic building blocks.
 To design Integrated circuit (IC)
 Electronics, VLSI (Very Large Scale
Integrated circuits), Practicum of VLSI
Representation of AND, OR,
XOR, and NOT Gates (1/2)
Representation of AND, OR,
XOR, and NOT Gates (2/2)
Logic Design
 Logic design involves determining how to
interconnect basic logic building blocks to
perform a specific function.
– Basic block: logic gates, latches, flip-flops
– Larger blocks: additions, registers, counters,
multiplexers, CPLD, FPGA
A
B
F
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
x
Half Adder (HA)
Sum
HA
y
Carry
 x + y = Sum with a Carry
– Sum = A XOR B
– Carry = A AND B
Half Adder
x
y
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
um
arry
Carry Sum
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
Full Adder (FA)
x
y
z
Sum
FA
Carry
Binary Adder
D Flip-flop
S-R Latch
 To store 0 or 1.
 Use OR/NOT gates to construct a larger
component!
S
P
S
R
P
L
Q
A new block
R
Q
Storage
 Four-bit register
Binary Counter
 Four-bit synchronous
binary counter
0000→0001→0010→
0011→0100→0101→0
110→ … →1101
→1110→1111
Theory in the Logic Design
 “Logic Design” tells us the theory necessary
for understanding the logic design process.
 Boolean algebra: the binary number system
used in the logic design.
 Implement technologies of digital systems
are improved fast. However, its background
theory is never changed.
Combinational Circuits
 The output values depend only on the
present value of the inputs and not on past
values.
Sequential Circuits
 The outputs depend on the present value of
the inputs and past input values.
 Basic memory elements: flip-flops
feedback
Switching Circuits
 Both combinational circuits and sequential
circuits are called as switching circuits.
 Computer Science, Practicum of Digital
Circuit
System Design
 System design involves breaking the overall
system into subsystems and specifying the
characteristics of each subsystem.
•Subsystem of
computer includes
memory units,
arithmetic units, inputoutput units and control
units.
Categories of Designs
 The design of digital systems may be
divided roughly into three parts
– Circuit design, Logic design, System design
 Easy to design a digital system!
– Basic block Small blocks  Large blocks
A large system
 Microcomputer System，Practicum of
Microcomputer System, Digital System
Design, Computer Architecture
Implement of Large Applications
 Some hardware realization technologies
– Combination of logic gates and ICs
– Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs)
– Application specific integrated circuits (ASICs)
 ASIC are designed by using HDL
– to write a behavioral model of the circuit’s
functionality
– then synthesizing that description into a
hardware realization in a particular technology.
Hardware Description Language
 Hardware Description Language (HDL)
– Verilog and VHDL
– To simulate a digital system to verify its
operation before hardware is built in
– to automate the design process in conjunction
with logic synthesis tools
VHDL – Binary Adder
Text Book Content (1/2)
 Contents
 Preface
1. Digital Systems and Binary Numbers
2. Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates
3. Gate-Level Minimization
4. Combinational Logic
5. Synchronous Sequential Logic
6. Registers and Counters
Text Book Content (2/2)
7. Memory and Programmable Logic
8. Digital at the Register Transfer Level
9. Asynchronous Sequential Logic
10. Digital Integrated Circuits
11. Laboratory Experiments with Standard
ICs and FPGAs
12. Standard Graphic Symbols
 Answers to Selected Programs
 Index
Conclusions
 This is an interesting course.
 Hope you like it.